tag is used. HTML will display in the same case that it was typed. In the case where attribute values of tag are entered, HTML is case-insensitive, with some specific exceptions: - text within quotes may be used by the browser in the case it is typed - case sensitivity of embedded scripts are handled by the script compiler/interpreter - file names and URLs are almost always case-sensitive HTML can also be broken into sections with the

tag supports align and nowrap attributes which allow you to apply formatting to entire sections of a document:

... content

HTML tags may recognize several attributes. The order attributes are placed in a tag is not important. Spacing between an attribute, the = sign, and the value is not important. width=5 and width = 5 are both the same. If an attribute is a single word or number (no spaces) you can add it after the equal sign with no quotations. All other values should be enclosed in quotes. HTML accepts either single or double quotes. Values cannot be more than 1024 characters. ----E ----H ----E ----T 05 Text Formatting HTML _tutorials 2005-02-24 20:35:14 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..Because, in the following example, there are NO HTML tags telling the browser how to display the content, the following HTML would be read by a browser as one long line, in the browsers default font: hello hello hello HTML supports several tag pairs which you can use to tell the browser how to display text. Simply place the text between one of the tag pairs to have it displayed per the tag pair meaning:

Large, bold header (actually there are 6 header tags, h1 thru h6) Bold Italic Underline

Paragraph - browser places a blank line before a paragraph

Display the text exactly as written, including recognition of spaces, in mono-spaced font Monspaced, sans serfic to resemble computer code Subscript Superscript These tags can be embedded within one another, such as this bold-italic combination: This will display as bold-italic ----E ----H ----E ----T 06 Fonts HTML _tutorials 2005-02-25 11:08:23 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..The tag lets you change the size and color of text. There are three ways to set the size attribute: - Virtual. use a value of 1 to 7 size = 1 - Absolute. set the value to any font size size = 22 - Relative. with respect to current font size size= +1 size= -2 Use the color attribute as you would any other color attribute color = &FF000 use hexadecimal color string or color = red where named colors are used ----E ----H ----E ----T 07 Images HTML _tutorials 2005-02-24 20:32:17 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..Browsers can display images. The tag is used for this and can also be used to determine where the image is displayed and how surrounding text will flow around the image. Here's an example of an image tag:

Once a browser sees the img tag it will download the image file and display it at normal size - in the browser at the point in the text where the img tag is placed. Text elsewhere in the HTML page will flow around the image. There is no implied line or paragraph break - the image is considered 'inline'. Here's another example of an image tag, showing some of the common attributes that are used:

By telling the browser the size of the image, using width/height, the browsere can allocate a space for the image and continue loading the rest of the document, then filling in the image when it arrives from its source. The border attribute provides a simple black border as many pixels thick as the HTML code defines. The browser default is to have no border. An image can be aligned to the left or right of a page using the align attribute. Or, the image can be aligned with respect to the line of text it is on, using the top/bottom/middle align attribute values. There are many more attribute for the tag. These are just some of the more commonly used ones. Image Formats All browsers support JPG or GIF image formats. Some browsers support additional formats. GIFs support transparency, interlacing, and animation. JPGs are better suited for pictures and tend to be smaller because they have a higher compression ratio than GIFs. On the downside, JPGs suffer from loss of image quality when compressed too much. ----E ----H ----E ----T 08 Links HTML _tutorials 2005-02-24 20:32:24 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..Click on a link and it will take you to the location specified in the anchor tag. In the following example, clicking on the text 'My Web Site' will direct the browser to go to the URL 'http://www.garybeene.com': My Web Site The anchor tag can also be used to move to a new position on the current page like this: First, put this line of HTML code in the document as a point to which you want to be able to jump: Then, this line of HTML code will create a link to jump to that location: Jump The #-sign notation can also be used in the first example, like this: My Web Site This allow you to jump to the middle of a web page instead of only being able to go to the top of a web page as a normal link would allow. An image can also be made to act as a link by placing the tag inside the anchor tag, as in this example:

----E ----H ----E ----T 09 Lists HTML _tutorials 2005-02-24 20:32:28 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..The three common HTML list tags provides useful ways to present common lists of data - providing indentation, bullets, or numbering to enhance the readability of the lists. 1. Unordered list - provides simple graphical bullets for members of the list

First item
Next item

2. Ordered list - provides numerical bullets for members of the list

First item
Next item

3. Definition list - indented list without bullets of any kind

First term: Definition
Next term: Definition

----E ----H ----E ----T 10 Forms HTML _tutorials 2005-02-25 11:07:59 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..Aside from the simple formatted display of content (fonts, colors, lists, tables), the most important use of web pages is to provide the ability of a user to input information for submittal to the web server. A web page page can have one or more forms on a page, each acting independently of each other. Forms provide several elements for data entry, such a textboxs or dropdown selection lists. Once the data is entered into a form, the user can simply press the Submit button on the form to send the entered data to the server for processing. HTML itself provides no server-side capability for processing the data. See the CGI mini-tutorial for a description of how servers use CGI scripts to process form data. Here's the HTML code for a form with one of each possible form elements: To email a form, use this version of the form tag:

The Method attribute of the tag has 3 values - Post, Get, or Head. The value selected must match the requirements of the CGI script on the server. Input Elements There are 8 basic attributes that form input elements support. - name Gives a name for the input element. It is used by the CGI script on the server to keep the incoming data separate. All input elements use this attribute. - type Determines which of the input elements are displayed (see the full list below). - value Determines the initial content of a textbox, hidden, or password input elements. Also defines the label for the submit and reset buttons. - checked Determines whether the starting state of a checkbox or radio button is checked. - size Determines the display length of an input element (text or password) - maxlength Determines the maximum length of a string that can be captured and sent to the server. - src Used only with the image element, this identifies the source URL of the image that is to be displayed. - rows, cols Used only with the textarea element. Determines the display size of the area where text can be entered. Now, here are the input elements which can be inserted in a form on a web page: -Text - Checkbox - Radio Button Allowed attributes: name, type, value. Only one radio button can be selected at time. When you click on one, all the others become unselected. Each radio button must use the same name attribute. You can have one or more groups of radio buttons. Simply give each member of the second group a new name. This will create a second group of radio buttons which acts independently of the first group. - Password Only "*" characters are displayed but it is NOT encrypted. - Hidden Remember, the hidden element is not displayed but its value is sent to the web server. - Image When a user clicks on the image you get the same effect as though the Submit button was pressed. The location on the image where the mouse was clicked will be sent as part of the form's information. - Button Pressing a standard button will not cause anything to happen unless you use one of the scripting languages to respond to the Click event. See my - Reset Sets all the input elements will be set to their "value" attribute value. - Submit Sends all information in the form per the action attribute setting Note: On a form with only 1 text input element (nothing else, including no buttons), pressing enter while the cursor is in the text box will cause the form to act just as though Submit button were pressed Select Element Dropdown list for selection by user. Multiple attribute allows more than one item to be selected. Textarea Element Similar to a textbox, ----E ----H ----E ----T 11 Tables HTML _tutorials 2005-02-24 20:37:45 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Tables rival images as the most-used feature of HTML pages. Getting information, both text and images, aligned for easier viewing is done on virtually every web site and is made possible by the HTML tags that specifically support table generation. Even though creating tables is a bit tedious (less so if you're using one of the many WYSIWYG HTML Editor applications), it is well worth the effort to create a clean-looking, orderly web page. Of the ten HTML tags that support the creation of tables within an HTML page (web page), only a few are commonly used: * table - start of a table * tr - start of a row * th - start of a header for a column * td - start of a cell (column) in a row * caption - text to put at top or bottom of a table (outside the border) The tag pair starts and ends a table. Then the table is built row by row (the tags), with as many columns (the tags) as desired. Here's the code again with some sample data, and the tables it would be displayed. Here is the basic code for a table of two rows and two columns:

And the same table with sample content:

Sample Caption
upperleft	upperright
lowerleft	lowerright

As with most other HTML tags, these tags support several attributes which are useful in adjusting the appearance of the table. The next two sections go over all ten table-related tags and their attributes. Tags The tags mentioned above, and are used in most tables but there are 10 table-related HTML tags available. Here's the complete list, including some of the most frequently used attributes of those tags. Tag Description Frequently Used Attributes table border, cellspacing, cellpadding, bgcolor, align row align, nowrap header none body none footer none column span, align, bgcolor column group span, align The , , and tags work together to partition the table into sections. All three can be used to group rows together. The and row groups will display as normal rows but when the table is printed both row groups will be included at the top and bottom, respectively, of the printed table. The basic HTML table model is row-centric. With the and tags a table can be dealt with as a collection of columns, with attributes set at the column level rather than at the row level. Return to top of document Attributes Here are some of the commonly-used attributes for the primary table-related tags. Most require a numerical value. Where specific values must be used, the allowed values are shown in brackets []. The nowrap attribute requires no value. To use it, simply insert it into the appropriate tag. For information how to enter color values, see the colors section of this site.

caption none
cell align, valign, colspan, rowspan, nowrap	header align, valign, colspan, rowspan, nowrap

border: thickness of the border around the table (pixels) cellpadding: space between the edge of a cell and its contents (pixels) cellspacing: space between cells (pixels) bgcolor: color of the background align: alignment of the table to surrounding text [left | right] align: horizontal alignment of cell contents [left | center | right] valign: vertical alignment of cell contents [top | middle | bottom | baseline] bgcolor: color of the background and are not usually needed. Today's browsers will automatically fill them in as needed. - If you want a table indented from the left side of the page, enclose it between a pair of unordered list tags (

...), with no

tag. - Tables can be embedded. The contents of a cell in one table can be an entire table. - Use the

align: horizontal alignment of cell contents [left | center | middle | right] valign: vertical alignment of cell contents [top | middle | center | bottom | baseline] colspan: number of columns the cell extends rowspan: number of rows the cell extends nowrap: do not use word wrap within the cell (no value) bgcolor: color of the background Tables are pretty straight-forward but there are a few things to know about that might cause you some trouble. - Empty Cells - when tables are built they do not create borders around empty cells. Use the special code &nbsp, which represents a space to put something in the cell so that the border is displayed. - The end tags

tag to create a title for a table. This is easier than creating a row with a single cell which spans the entire width of the table. - The

header tags can be used anywhere in the table. They don't have to go only in the first row. I often put them at the top and bottom of the table, especially for long tables. ----E ----H ----E ----T 12 Colors HTML _tutorials 2005-02-24 20:32:52 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..Colors in Windows programs are represented by a 24 bit number, consisting of 8 bits for each of the colors Red, Green, and Blue. This allows computers to display about 16.8 million colors, The 8 bits simply means that the value for each of the Red, Green, or Blue components can be any number from 0 to 255. There are two basic ways to write the value of a color - as regular number (0 to 16,777,216) or as a hexadecimal string. HTML is normally written using the hexadecimal string for a color. To get the hexadecimal string representing a color, simply concatenate the hexadecimal representation of each Reg, Green, Blue component as follows (note the pound sign in front of the hex color string): Color HEX Color RGB #000000 R, G, B values are 0, 0, 0 (black) #FF0000 R, G, B values are 0, 255, 0 (red) #00FF00 R, G, B values are 0, 255, 0 (green) #0000FF R, G, B values are 0, 255, 0 (blue) #C0C0C0 R, G, B value are 192, 192, 192 (dark gray) #FFFFFF R, G, B values are 255, 255,255 (white) The W3C HTML specification supports 16 standard colors, which can be use by name anywhere an HTML attribute requires a color: aqua gray navy silver black green olive teal blue lime purple white fuchsia maroon red yellow Most browsers additionally support names for a larger number of colors than the W3C standard. Web Safe Colors At one time, when many computers were limited to 256 display colors, attempts were made to standardize on 216 Web Safe Colors (not 255 so as to allow for OS reserved colors). This standard is of little value now. ----E ----H ----E ----T 13 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) I - Basics HTML _tutorials 2005-03-05 13:44:46 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C CSS provides a more capable replacement to the use of attributes within tags to control how an HTML is formatted. Instead of using attributes for every tag on the HTML page, CSS allows the creation of a single set of rules which can control the display of one, or all, tags in the entire documents. Even better, the CSS rules can be kept in external files - to be applied to every web page on a web site, controlling the look of a web site from a single, common set of rules. There are roughly 3 ways in the CSS rules, or styles, can be applied. 1. Placed within the HTML document between a tag pair. 2. Placed within an individual HTML tag 3. Placed in a separate file which can be called by the HTML page. Style rules are written to apply to the contents of one or more HTML tags. In this example, a style rule is written which applies to all

tags, causing the text to be displayed in green. When placed in the section of the HTML page, every

in the entire document will be affected. The rule takes the form of tag { attribute : value } More than one attribute can be placed in a rule like the following example, where the attribute:value pairs are separated by semicolons. More than one rule can be included between the This could be written as a single rule, like this, where multiple HTML tags are listed in front of the one or more attribute:pairs You can give an individual rule a name of its own, which would be called a class, like this: Then, in any HTML tag where you want the rule to apply, add the class attribute like the next example to have the rule apply to this instance of the HTML tag:
You can narrow down the range of HTML tags to which a class applies by changing the classname as shown in the next example: Here, the class would only apply to
tags whose class attribute is 'myclassname'. The rules would not apply to any other type of HTML tag, regardless of what the value of the class attribute. If desired, you can write a style which can be applied to one, and only one, element of a given type of HTML tag - such as a specific instance of a
or an

tag. This is done by setting the HTML tag 'id' attribute to a unique value, as in the following example: This rule would apply to the tag whose id was set to 'uniqueID', as in this HTML tag example:
Used in this way, the rule can be applied to only one tag of a particular HTML tag type, but there can be multiple (different) HTML tags types which have the id, as in these examples of HTML tags:

Finally, the ID definition can be restricted to apply to a single HTML tag type by placing the HTML tag in front of the pound sign, like this: The p# which starts the rule means this applies to the single
tag which has a matching ID. Another use for the ID of an element is found with the getElementByID() method of the document object. By assigning an HTML tag (element) with an ID attribute value, the getElementByID() method can be use to get a reference to that element for use within your JavaScript programs. Here's an example:
Content of the tag
Finally, CSS recognizes comments, which is text surrounded by /* and / ----E ----H ----E ----T 14 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) II - Inline/External Styles HTML _tutorials 2005-03-05 13:44:52 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C External Style Sheets When designing a web site with many pages it is often desirable to maintain the same look and feel from one page to another. CSS makes that an easy task by allowing an HTML page to call up style sheets saved in separate files. The first step is to save the style rules (everything normally found between ) into a text file. The .css extension is normally used but is not required. The The @import rule causes the content of the external file to inserted into the ----E ----H ----E ----T 20 Error handling JavaScript _tutorials 2005-03-03 13:28:27 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C JavaScript fires an onerror event if an error occurs. The user must add onError code into any tags where an error must be caught. You can tell JavaScript to run a custom error handling function like this: window.onerror = myErrorHandler; where the windows onerror proprery is assigned the name of your customized error handling function. The function must accept 3 parameters - a string message, URL of page causing error, and line number of error. function myErrorHandler ( msg, url, line) { //your code goes here return true; } ----E ----H ----E ----T 21 Databases JavaScript _tutorials 2005-03-03 13:33:23 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C JavaScript provides no built-in functions for handling databases. It cannot read files from the user's PC, but any filename entered by the user into the fileupload control can also be read or changed by JavaScript. ----E ----H ----E ----T 22 Objects JavaScript _tutorials 2005-03-01 20:33:06 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C The various interface elements of a form are treated as objects - having properties and methods which JavaScript can access or modify. See the next tutorial for the standard object heirarchy of a browser page. In code, an ways to reference a form (window part can be optional) - window.document.forms[index] - window.document.forms["name"] - window.documents.forms.name . window.document.name Objects have properties and methods Variables can be defined as an object type or as a ref variables are objects - have properties and methods X = myobject["property_name"] = 6 object.property = "value" // literal string or number var MyVar = window.open("hello.html","html_name","width=200,height=200"); //variable can be made to refer to an object x = object.method(); // shows how to use methods // note that the parentheses are required, even though the method has no arguments // the parentheses () provide a visual that a function/method is being used x = x.toUpperCase(); // uses the variable method to change its case x = x.fontcolor('red'); // uses the variable method to change fontcolor X = document.forms(0).elements(0).name X = document.MyForm.MyText.name you can add properties or methods at will - property - simply assign - methods - create function first i.e., such as oldfunction - myobj.newmethodname=oldfunction you can create a new object of your own creation: - define structure function AnyObject (a,b,c){ this.a this.b } - create instance X = new AnyObject Web Page Objects: document table form button image link Built-in Objects - string - math - date - array - option - function How to use objects in a window: The first image in an HTML document is document.images[0] the second is document.images[1], and so on. If you want to know how many images are in a document, you can find out by checking the length of the images array: document.images.length. On a web page with a form named "myform", access the form with: window.document.myform On a web page with a form named "myform", access the form with: window.document.myform Common Properties/ Methods ---------------------------------------------- methods are always followed by parenthesis, whether they have arguments or not window methods: open window.open("URL","name","features"); close blur focus properties: status window.status="hello"; document methods: writeln window.writeln("test line of text"); // add \n character write window.writeln("test line of text"); // does not add \n character properties: array methods: properties: length document.images.length -- gives number of images in the document date methods: getSeconds getMinutes getHours properties: length document.images.length -- gives number of images in the document Sample .open usage window.open("URL","name","location,menubar"); window.open("URL","name","location=no,status=no"); window.open("URL","name","location,height=100,width=100"); ----E ----H ----E ----T 23 Browser Object Model JavaScript _tutorials 2005-03-04 20:09:54 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C --------- Browser Object Model --------------------------------------------------------------------- Window - Navigator - Frames - Location - History - Screen - Document location applets images anchors embeds links plugins stylesheets forms form button text reset text area password select options radio checkbox submit hidden fileupload --------- Properties and Methods --------------------------------------------------------------------- Window Document Forms Properties Methods Properties Methods Properties Methods closed alert() alinkColor clear() action submit() defaultStatus blur() anchors open() elements reset() document clearInterval() applets close() enctype frames clearTimeout() bgColor write() length history close() cookie writeln() method location focus() domain setInterval() name name moveBy() embeds clearInterval() target navigator moveTo() fgColor setTimeout() opener open() forms clearTimeout() parent prompt() images parent resizeTo() lastModified screen scroll() linkColor status scrollTo() links top confirm() location plugins referrer title URL vlinkColor ???? menubar - include File, Edit, ... etc. scrollbars - resizable - when available, window can be resized width - width of the window in pixels. height - height of the window in pixels. toolbar - browser toolbar, which contains the Back, Forward, Stop ... buttons location - text area of a browser into which you can type URLs. Referencing Forms and Elements--------------------------------------- Forms window.document.forms[index] window.document.forms["name"] window.documents.forms.name window.document.name Elements form.elements[index] form.elements["name"] form.name Elements of a form ------------------------------------------ command buttons submit, reset, button text elements text password fileupload textarea hidden buttons radio checkbox lists select (single) select (multiple) option Form Element Properties/Methods/Events ------------------------ Common properties of elements: form, name, type text Property: value Methods: blur, focus, handleEvent, select Events: blur, change, focus, select, keydown, keypress, keyup textarea Property: value Methoods: blur, focus, handleEvent, select Events: keydown, keypress, keyup password Property: value Methoods: blur, focus, handleEvent, select Events: keydown, keypress, keyup fileupload Property: value Methoods: blur, focus, handleEvent, select Events: blur, change, focus hidden Property: value Methoods: - Events: - checkbox Property: checked, value, checked Methoods: click, handleEvent Events: click, mouseDown, mouseUp radio Property: checked, value, length Methoods: click, handleEvent Events: click, mouseDown, mouseUp select Property: length, options, selectedIndex Methoods: blur, focus, handleEvent Events: blur, change, focus option Property: index, selected, text, value Methoods: - Events: - ----E ----H ----E ----T 24 Objects - built-in JavaScript _tutorials 2005-03-05 14:12:59 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C String, Math , Date, Array, Location and History are built-in objects --------- Properties and Methods --------------------------------------------------------------------- String Math Date Properties Methods Properties Methods Properties Methods --------------- ------------- ---------------- ------------- ---------------- -------------- length anchor E abs none getDate big LN2 acos getDay blink LN10 asin getHours bold LOG2E atan getMinutes charAt LOG10E ceil getMonth fixed PI cos getSeconds fontColor SQRT1_2 exp getTime fontSize SQRT2 floor getTimeZoneOffset indexOf log getYear italics max setData astOf min setHours link pow setMinutes small random setMonth strike round setSeconds sub sin setTime substring sqrt setYear sup tan toGMTString toLowerCase toUpperCase Location History Properties Methods Properties Methods --------------- -------------- ----------------- --------------- hash reload length back host replace forward hostname go href pathname port protocol search See individual tutorials on String, Math, Date, and Array objects ----E ----H ----E ----T 25 Event handlers JavaScript _tutorials 2005-03-03 09:07:08 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Event handlers - are code that is called when an event occurs - are placed in HTML tag pair just like attributes - not all tags support all events (see list below) - can be one or more JavaScript statements, sepearated by semicolons - long statements can be broken across several lines Syntax for an event handler is: - Notice the semicolon - You can have multiple event handlers inside an HTML tag (one for each event you wish to respond to) - code can call other JavaScript functions - 'this' keyword refers to the object in which the attirbute is contained Other Examples: Click
//1 event handler in a tag Click
//multiple event handlers in a tag Click
// redirect to function Update() document.onClick = "MyFunction()" // event handlers are properties of that object! onClick = "location:'my.gif'" // has browser display this image onClick = "location:'http://www.vbinformation.com'" // sends browser to the new URL Description of event handlers --------------------------------------------- onClick - click on form element or link onChange - change value of text, textarea, or select element onFocus - form element gets input focus onBlur - form element loses input focus onMouseOver - mouse over a link or anchor onMouseOut - mouse leaves link or anchor onSelect - user selects form element's input field onSubmit - submit a form onResize - browser window is resized onLoad - window loads onUnload - window unloads Events and the Elements That Support Them ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- abort img blur body, frameset, all form objects (except hidden) change input, select, textarea click most tags dblclick most tags error img focus body, frameset, all form objects (except hidden) keydown most tags keypress most tags keyup most tagsg load body, frameset mousedown most tags mousemove most tags mouseout most tags mouseover most tags mouseup most tags reset form select input, textarea submit form unload body, frameset ----E ----H ----E ----T 26 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) I - Basics JavaScript _tutorials 2005-03-05 08:05:23 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C CSS provides a more capable replacement to the use of attributes within tags to control how an HTML is formatted. Instead of using attributes for every tag on the HTML page, CSS allows the creation of a single set of rules which can control the display of one, or all, tags in the entire documents. Even better, the CSS rules can be kept in external files - to be applied to every web page on a web site, controlling the look of a web site from a single, common set of rules. There are roughly 3 ways in the CSS rules, or styles, can be applied. 1. Placed within the HTML document between a tag pair. 2. Placed within an individual HTML tag 3. Placed in a separate file which can be called by the HTML page. Style rules are written to apply to the contents of one or more HTML tags. In this example, a style rule is written which applies to all
tags, causing the text to be displayed in green. When placed in the section of the HTML page, every
in the entire document will be affected. The rule takes the form of tag { attribute : value } More than one attribute can be placed in a rule like the following example, where the attribute:value pairs are separated by semicolons. More than one rule can be included between the This could be written as a single rule, like this, where multiple HTML tags are listed in front of the one or more attribute:pairs You can give an individual rule a name of its own, which would be called a class, like this: Then, in any HTML tag where you want the rule to apply, add the class attribute like the next example to have the rule apply to this instance of the HTML tag:
You can narrow down the range of HTML tags to which a class applies by changing the classname as shown in the next example: Here, the class would only apply to
tags whose class attribute is 'myclassname'. The rules would not apply to any other type of HTML tag, regardless of what the value of the class attribute. If desired, you can write a style which can be applied to one, and only one, element of a given type of HTML tag - such as a specific instance of a
or an
tag. This is done by setting the HTML tag 'id' attribute to a unique value, as in the following example: This rule would apply to the tag whose id was set to 'uniqueID', as in this HTML tag example:
Used in this way, the rule can be applied to only one tag of a particular HTML tag type, but there can be multiple (different) HTML tags types which have the id, as in these examples of HTML tags:

Finally, the ID definition can be restricted to apply to a single HTML tag type by placing the HTML tag in front of the pound sign, like this: The p# which starts the rule means this applies to the single
tag which has a matching ID. Another use for the ID of an element is found with the getElementByID() method of the document object. By assigning an HTML tag (element) with an ID attribute value, the getElementByID() method can be use to get a reference to that element for use within your JavaScript programs. Here's an example:
Content of the tag
Finally, CSS recognizes comments, which is text surrounded by / and */ ----E ----H ----E ----T 27 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) II - Inline/External Styles JavaScript _tutorials 2005-03-04 19:35:42 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C External Style Sheets When designing a web site with many pages it is often desirable to maintain the same look and feel from one page to another. CSS makes that an easy task by allowing an HTML page to call up style sheets saved in separate files. The first step is to save the style rules (everything normally found between ) into a text file. The .css extension is normally used but is not required. The The @import rule causes the content of the external file to inserted into the

Move your mouse over the image above. Try clicking on it also! //Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Make table rows disappear JavaScript graphics 2005-03-06 20:35:34 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Make table rows disappear ----------------------------------- ----E ----H ----E ----T Move an image across the screen JavaScript graphics 2005-03-06 20:33:17 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C
----E ----H ----E ----T Preload images JavaScript graphics Top100 2005-03-06 20:22:11 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C images can be kept in a page, invisible, by loading them into a JavaScript variable that is delcared as an image object var HiddenImage = new Image() HiddenImage.src = "myPicture.jpg" You can use the hidden image to set the property of a visible control. Create a normal tag: Then change it's image with JavaScript document.theimage.src = HiddenImage.src ----E ----H ----E ----T Rainbow text JavaScript graphics Top100 2005-03-06 20:11:41 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Random image JavaScript graphics Top100 2005-03-06 20:10:27 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Rollover JavaScript graphics Top100 2005-03-04 08:22:41 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C when mouse moves over the image, the image changes. when mouse moves away from the image, the image returns to it's prior state can use the or tag - both support the onMouseover event Method 1 ------------------------------------------------- Method 2 (faster) ------------------------------------- ----E ----H ----E ----T Screen size JavaScript graphics Top100 2005-03-06 20:15:03 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C alert('Your screen is:\n\n' + screen.width + ' pixels by ' + screen.height + ' pixels'); ----E ----H ----E ----T Show or hide content JavaScript graphics Top100 2005-03-06 20:34:46 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Hide and show an article ---------------------------- Sample ----E ----H ----E ----T Slideshow JavaScript graphics Top100 2005-03-06 20:10:33 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Slideshow II JavaScript graphics Top100 2005-03-06 20:14:59 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

Previous Auto/Stop Next

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Change all images on a page JavaScript images 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C for (var loop = 0; loop < document.images.length; loop++) { document.images[loop].src = 'spacer.gif'; } ----E ----H ----E ----T Image of the day-of-the-week JavaScript images 2005-03-06 17:50:41 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Create gifs name monday.gif to sunday.gif ----E ----H ----E ----T Wait until page loads to animate GIF JavaScript images Top100 2005-03-06 20:16:47 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

----E ----H ----E ----T Infinite loops JavaScript loops 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C // first version while (true) {statements} // second version do {statements} while (true) ----E ----H ----E ----T Add commas to a number JavaScript math Top100 2005-03-06 20:16:53 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T Calculator - advanced JavaScript math 2005-03-06 10:37:48 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vaule contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Calculator - simple JavaScript math Top100 2005-03-06 20:16:57 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

----E ----H ----E ----T Random value JavaScript math Top100 2005-03-04 08:23:03 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C X = math.floor ( (upper-lower+1) * math.random() + lower ) ----E ----H ----E ----T Round a value JavaScript math Top100 2005-03-06 20:17:02 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C x = math.round(x) ----E ----H ----E ----T Menu - dropdown select JavaScript menu 2005-03-06 18:39:26 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T Menu - always visible JavaScript menus Top100 2005-03-06 20:24:59 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

Menu Bar

The rest of your site goes here

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Menu - cascading JavaScript menus Top100 2005-03-06 20:24:59 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Menu - movable JavaScript menus Top100 2005-03-06 20:24:59 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

Click on "Moveable Menu" to pick
it up and Double Click to drop it!

Movable Menu

Menu Item # 1
Menu Item # 2
Menu Item # 3

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Menu - navigation buttons JavaScript menus Top100 2005-03-06 20:24:59 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

Category 1 | Category 2 | Category 3 | Category 4

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Menu - slide JavaScript menus Top100 2005-03-06 20:24:59 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C
Try the menu out for yourself! Move your mouse over the yellow border to the left. //Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Change status bar content on mouseover JavaScript mouse Top100 2005-03-04 08:23:09 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Mouse me for an answer! ----E ----H ----E ----T Display link info in statusbar JavaScript mouse Top100 2005-03-06 20:17:19 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C /* the JavaScript statements are executed when the mouse goes over the link, placing new text in the statusbar */ Go There ----E ----H ----E ----T onClick and MouseOver event examples JavaScript mouse 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C --onClick and onMouseOver event samples (link events) Link Event Example

Link Events

Click on me!
Mouse over me!
----E ----H ----E ----T Button as a link - 2 methods JavaScript navigation Top100 2005-03-06 20:15:17 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C // JavaScript URL // onClick calls a function to set window.location ----E ----H ----E ----T Directory header JavaScript navigation Top100 2005-03-06 20:16:07 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T Display all event handlers of an object JavaScript navigation 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C document.onClick is a property of document, so use FOREACH to walk through for (var X in Form) { document.write(X+'
')} or document.write Forms[X] } ----E ----H ----E ----T Forward-Backward buttons JavaScript navigation Top100 2005-03-06 20:15:25 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T Go back one page JavaScript navigation 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C history.back ----E ----H ----E ----T Highlight links JavaScript navigation Top100 2005-03-04 21:31:12 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C The CSS specification offers several built-in pseudoclasses which represent common situations where you might want to change the appearance of an elements. The four available pseudoclasses are related to links. They are: link visited hover active ----E ----H ----E ----T List all links on a page JavaScript navigation Top100 2005-03-06 20:11:04 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

List all links on this page
or
//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Open file JavaScript navigation 2005-03-06 11:12:08 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Remove underline from links JavaScript navigation Top100 2005-03-06 20:15:42 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

No underline here!

----E ----H ----E ----T Slideshow JavaScript navigation Top100 2005-03-04 09:24:17 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C To cycle through a number of pages (or images), use the Refresh in each page, pointing to the next page. The last page should point to the first page. /* page 1 */ /* page 2 */ /* page 3 */ /* page 4 */ ----E ----H ----E ----T Stop a form from reloading the page when you click on a Submit button JavaScript navigation 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C put onSubmit="return false;" in the

tag ----E ----H ----E ----T Stop browser from jumping to top of page when link is clicked JavaScript navigation 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C // Using the # sign may cause the browser to // jump to the top of the page // when the link is clicked. To stop that from // happening, change the link to this: Click on me! ----E ----H ----E ----T Ball drop JavaScript physics Top100 2005-03-06 20:10:43 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C

Click anywhere to start script

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution ----E ----H ----E ----T Email address protection JavaScript security 2005-03-06 18:40:03 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Look at the souce code of this script to see how to do it. ----E ----H ----E ----T Alternate background sounds JavaScript sound 2005-02-24 22:55:01 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C testing ----E ----H ----E ----T Detect browser and play sound JavaScript sound Top100 2005-03-06 20:17:43 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T Play a sound file JavaScript sound Top100 2005-03-04 09:25:06 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C /* 1st Method */ Make the embedded player hidden and control it from JavaScript. There are two parts to this: firstly a function (here called EvalSound) which takes the "name" of the hidden embedded player and calls its Play() method. Secondly a link, image or button which calls the function on demand when the component is clicked or has the mouse rolled onto it. /* embed a player and make it hidden */

/* mouseover to play sound */ Move mouse here /* click image to play sound */

/* press button to play sound */ /* 2nd Method */ Use the JavaScript getElementById() function in the EvalSound definition.

Note that we specify name of the embedded sound using its ID attribute now. The function calls however are the same as above. For example: /* mouseover to play sound */ Move mouse here /* click image to play sound */

/* press button to play sound */ ----E ----H ----E ----T External source for script JavaScript syntax Top100 2005-03-04 09:25:31 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C //the external file extension does not have to be .js ----E ----H ----E ----T Information Report JavaScript user-system Top100 2005-03-06 20:11:38 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C
(Be sure to pick a mimeType or plugin from the pulldown menu!)

//Thanks to David Pye for his JavaScript Vault contribution. ----E ----H ----E ----T Close a window JavaScript windows Top100 2005-03-06 20:17:56 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C window.close() Note: if JavaScript code tries to close its parent window the browser will open a dialog to confirm the closing of the window. ----E ----H ----E ----T Create content in a new window JavaScript windows Top100 2005-03-06 20:17:59 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Once a window is created, and you know the name of it, you can create content by simply using multiple calls of the .write() method. For example, if you created a new Window named myWindow, then to create content using JavaScript use this code: myWindow.document.open() myWindow.document.write( ""> myWIndow.document.write( "

Hello

"> myWIndow.document.write( ""> myWIndow.document.close() You can make the content as complicated as you want, with combinations of HTML tags. ----E ----H ----E ----T Open a new URL in the current window JavaScript windows Top100 2005-03-06 20:18:03 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C just use JavaScript to se the .location property of the current window document.location = "http://www.garybeene.com" ----E ----H ----E ----T Open a new window (in current window) JavaScript windows Top100 2005-03-06 20:18:06 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C window.open() is the method to use. it support 4 optional arguments - URL - name - featuresList -replace //new empty window window.open() or var blankWindow = window.open() // sets a JavaScript variable reference to the window //new window with specified URL window.open ( "http://www.garybeene.com") or var filledWindow = window.open ( "http://www.garybeene.com") featuresList has the following flags that can be used in the string. To set a flag, just enter 'flagname = yes' in the string. Separate flags by commas: directoriies yes/no if window should have a set of directory buttons height positive integer height in pixels width postive integer width in pixels location yes/no if window should have box user can type URL into menubar yes/no if window should have main menu bar resizable yes/no if user is allowed to resize the window scrollbars yes/no if the window should have scroll bars status yes/no if there should be a status bar at the bottom of the window toolbar yes/no if window should have a main toolbar ----E ----H ----E ----T Open window of specific size JavaScript windows Top100 2005-03-06 20:18:11 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C window.open('window-sizer.html','640x480','toolbar=yes,status=yes,scrollbars=yes,location=yes,menubar=yes,directories=yes,width=640,height=480')} window.open('window-sizer.html','800x600','toolbar=yes,status=yes,scrollbars=yes,location=yes,menubar=yes,directories=yes,width=800,height=600')} ----E ----H ----E ----T Pass data between windows JavaScript windows Top100 2005-03-06 20:18:15 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C The window from which a second window is created is referred to a the 'operner' of the second window. The first window can access the properties of the second window by using the window object returned from the .open() method: var newWindow = document.open ( "http://www.garybeene.com" , "newWin" ) After this code, the new window is named 'newWin' and the current window has a JavaScript variable which is a reference to the new window and can be used to access the properties and methods of the new window. The child window can also access the first window by using its 'opener' property, which refers to the parent window (the one that created the child window). In the new window, use this code to create a variable reference to the parent window: if (self.opener != null ) { var parentWindow = self.opener } Now, the parentWindow variable (that is contained in the child window) can access all of the methods and properties of the parent window Note: an exception is that if the JavaScript in the two windows comes from different servers, the JavaScript will not be able to communicate. ----E ----H ----E ----T Pass data to a new HTML file JavaScript windows Top100 2005-03-06 20:18:17 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..When a URL is called using the get method, the query string is contained in the location.search property of the new page. An HTML page can send a get request by setting the .href property of the location object: document.location.href="http://www.garybeene.com/newpage.htm?first=hello&second=newcomer" The new page could retrieve the "?first=hello&second=newcomer" from the location.search property like this: alert ( location.search ) ----E ----H ----E ----T Popup window - controlled position JavaScript windows Top100 2005-03-06 20:18:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Open Window ----E ----H ----E ----T View page source JavaScript windows Top100 2005-03-06 20:18:24 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Type in a full URL and click "View Source"

----E ----H ----E ----T Show time/day visitor comes to a web page JavaScript write Top100 2005-03-04 09:25:41 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T Write text to HTML page (write line) JavaScript write 2005-03-04 09:25:48 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C document.writeln("Hello people"); // write a specific text string document.writeln(MyVar); // write the value of a variable ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 01 - Overview Outlook _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:17 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Outlook is an application, not a language but it contains the Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications langauge. Please use the online code update (using the File > Import menu option) to check for new code releases. ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 01 - Simple Perl script Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #Put the following two lines in a text file, such as myscript.pl: #!/usr/bin/perl print "Hello World"; That's it - the entire Perl script. To run the program type in the following at the command line: perl myscript.pl #The Perl executable reads the text file #and executes any statements it finds. #The first line "#!/usr/bin/perl is the location #of the Perl executable. Is only needed in #UNIX. It is not needed in Windows. #Text after the # symbol is treated as comments ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 02 - Using Perl on the web (CGI) Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Perl scripts often reside on a server and may be called into action via submission of a form from a web page. In its most common usage, a Perl script responds to the request from a form and creates a web page (text file that is formatted to HTML standards) that is returned to the requestor - dynamic page generation. Here's a sample calling HTML page, which has a form with a single submit button that sends a request to the server to run the Perl script called decide.pl.
Decide

Here's the script that would be run: #!/usr/bin/perl print "Content-type: text/html\n\n"; print ""; print "Your answer is " + $answer; print " In general, the output of the Perl program (via the print statement) is fed to the HTTP server, which in turns sends it back to the requestor. The first line of the script provides the only HTTP header information needed for the browser to correctl interpret the output of the script as an HTML page. ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 03 - Overview Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Perl source code is simply lines of text (a script) which the perl.exe program executes one by one, starting from the top. Perl has a very loose formatting requirement - freespace to left of statement is ignored - indent all you want - freespace anywhere except in string literals is ignored - end all statements in semicolon ; - anything on a line after a # is ignored - is a comment - Perl executes top to bottom - Sub routines can be placed anywhere within the code - convention is at bottom - Sub routines can be referenced before they appear - Perl is case sensitive - () parenthesis, when normally used, are optional - term "escape" is means to prevent character from being interpolated within quotes Data types $ scalar (numbers and strings) @ arrays % associative arrays & Subroutines ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 04 - Variables Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Variables can be number or strings. Perl handles the conversions. Variables start with $ $string = "Gary Beene" Arrays start with @ @myarray Associative arrays begins with % %myarray You create a variable by using it. No separation definition or dimensioning is required. $myvar = 5 ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 05 - Operators Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 0 is False "0" is False "" is False undef is False all else is True print True; # prints a blank print False; # prints a blank undef # variables which have not been set have a value of undef # using -w will catch # some functions return undef on failure Numeric: $x==$y True if $x equals $y $x > $y $X < $y $x >= $y $x <= $y $x != $y True is $x is not equal to $y AlphaNumeric: $x eq $y $x gt $y $x lt $y $x ge $y $x le $y $x ne $y Logical Operators: And/Or/Not can each be written in two ways: && and # $a && $b $a and $b || or # $a || $b $a or $b ! not # ! $b not $b Special operators: $c++ # same as $c = $c + 1 $c-- # same as $c = $c - 1 $a+=3 # same as $a = $a + 3 $y*=$x # same as $y = $y * $x $r%=67 # same as $r = $r % 67 qq() # quote-quote (double quotes) q() # quote (single quote - no interpolation) qw() # list with no interpolation (uses whitespace to separate list items) $#myarray # used to resize @myarray ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 06 - Strings Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C $mystring = "Gary Beene" $mystring = 'Gary Beene' $total = $mystring1 + $mystring2 Single or double quotes are allowed. If double quotes are used, variables placed inside the quotes are replaced with their value (interpolated). If single quotes are used, interpolation is not performed. Example: $mystring1 = "X" $mystring2 = "aaa$mystring1bbb" In this example, $mystring2 contains "aaaXbbb" Some important built-in Perl string functions include: split 1. @myarray = split (/ /,"The dog is mine") # split string into array # / / gives pattern for the split 2. @myarray = split (//, "The dog is mine") # // splits string into individual characters 3. @myarray = split ("The dog is ming") # if // is left out, whitespace is used 4. @myarray = split (/,/) # if string is left out, split uses $_ 5. ($a, $b, $c) = split(/,/,"One,Two,Three") # string is split and assigned to variables join 1. @myarray = join (/ /, ($a, $b, $c) # split string into array # / / gives pattern for the split 2. @myarray = split (//, "The dog is mine") # // splits string into individual characters 3. @myarray = split ("The dog is ming") # if // is left out, whitespace is used 4. @myarray = split (/,/) # if string is left out, split uses $_ 5. ($a, $b, $c) = split(/,/,"One,Two,Three") # string is split and assigned to variables reverse 1. string $newstring = reverse "1234" # reverses the string 2. array @newarray = reverse @myarray # reverses the elements search 1. index index string, substring, start_position # return position of substring # 0 is far left position 2. rindex index string, substring, start_position # from right, not left 3. substr string, offset, length # extract part of a string # negative offset start from right replace substr ($a,0,1) = "replacestring" # replace 1st character with replacestring substr ($a,0,0) = "replacestring" # put string at front of replacestring substr ($a,-7,7) = "replacestring" # replace last 7 characters with replacestring tr/searchlist/replacementlist # replace 1st list with 2nd list tr/ABC/XYZ/; # replace A's with X's, B's with Y's, C's, with Z's # work on $_ ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 07 - Conditional Flow Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Perl has 4 loop modifiers: while, until, for, foreach if (expression) BLOCK elsif BLOCK else BLOCK while (expression) BLOCK # while(1) BLOCK will loop forever. use "last" to exit for ( initialization; test; increment) BLOCK last # exit while once current loop is complete # example: last if ($i == 10) redo # redo next # next goto LABEL # absolute flow control foreach $element (@myarray) # $element is a reference to each value of @myarray { print "$element\n"} # the (@myarray) can also be a list ("one", "two", "three") until (expression) Block Label-control statements # label can be used with next/last/redo to control looping next # jumps to the next iteration - if used with label, jumps to loop marked by label last # immediately breaks out of the loop - if used with label, jumps to loop marked by label redo # causes loop to execute again - if used with label, jumps to loop marked by label LBL: foreach (@fruit) { Foreach $place (@state) { last LBL if $place eq "Texas"; # use of label drops out of nested loops! } } Simplest is to execute a statement based on True/False condition of an expression: # Perl has four modifiers: if, unless, while, until if (test-expression) BLOCK # primary format -or- (expression) if (test-expression) # alternate format lets if come last # example: last if ($i == 10) Examples of modifier at end of line: $max = 100 if $min < 100 ; # executes first statement if ($min < 100) is True print "Success" unless $error > 2; $total++ while $total < 500 # executes repeatedly $a = $a + 6 until $a > 100 # executes repeatedly Compound statements: Execution of expressions can depend on other expressions using one of the modifiers if, unless, while or until, for example: EXPR1 if EXPR2 ; EXPR1 until EXPR2 ; The logical operators ||, && or ?: also allow conditional execution: EXPR1 || EXPR2 ; EXPR1 ? EXPR2 : EXPR3 ; Statements can be combined to form a BLOCK when enclosed in {}. Blocks may be used to control flow: if (EXPR) BLOCK [ [ elsif (EXPR) BLOCK ... ] else BLOCK ] unless (EXPR) BLOCK [ else BLOCK ] [ LABEL: ] while (EXPR) BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ] [ LABEL: ] until (EXPR) BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ] [ LABEL: ] for (EXPR; EXPR; EXPR) BLOCK [ LABEL: ] foreach VAR� (LIST) BLOCK [ LABEL: ] BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ] Program flow can be controlled with: goto LABEL Continue execution at the specified label. last [ LABEL ] Immediately exits the loop in question. Skips continue block. next [ LABEL ] Starts the next iteration of the loop. redo [ LABEL ] Restarts the loop block without evaluating the conditional again. Special forms are: do BLOCK while EXPR ; do BLOCK until EXPR ; which are guaranteed to perform BLOCK once before testing EXPR, and ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 08 - Arrays Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C pop @myarray # remove from top of array push @myarray, new_list # add to top of array - return removed item shift @myarray # remove from bottom of array - return removed item unshift @myarray, new_list # add to bottom of array pop/shift/unshift/push act on @_ in a subroutine (if not specified) pop/shift/unshift/push act on @ARGV outside a subroutine (if not specified) splice @myarray, offset # remove elements starting from offset splice @myarray, offset, length # only remove length elements splice @myarray, offset, length, list # replace removed elements with list @sortedarray = sort @myarray # sort by ASCII Range operators: (1..10) #range operator (1..10, 21..30) #range operator (a..z) #range operator (aa..zz) #range operator ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 09 - Associative array Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C # associative array is a list of values indexed by strings (called keys) # a regular array uses numbers for indexes, starting with 0 %myhash = ("Name", "Gary", "Age", 51) # key-value pairs # assign list to hash $myhash{'Name'} = "Billy" # assign single k-v pair $a = $myhash{'Name'} # assign hash value to variable @keylist = keys @MyHash # keys function retrieves all the keys of a hash # random order @valuelist = values @MyHash # values function retrieves all values of a hash # same order as keys @reversehash = reverse @MyHash # reverses key-value pairs (keys become values) # duplicate values are dropped $num_keys = scalar keys %hash # find number of entries in a hash array %hash = %myhash # copies entire %myhash into %hash2 Iterate over a hash 1. foreach $key ( keys %MyHash) # 'keys %myhash' creates list of all keys { print "$key :$MyHash{$key} \n"; } # print each key, then its value 2. while ( ($key , $vlaue) = each %MyHash) # goes through keys 1 at a time { print "$key :$MyHash{$key} \n"; } # print each key, then its value delete a key: delete $Hash{keyvalue} remove all keys: %Hash = () reverse the key/value pairs: %reversehash = reverse %hasharray ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 10 - Subroutines Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C sub mysubroutine # Example: sub yesno BLOCK # Note no arguments listed in the "sub" line { print "you made it!"; } # there is no fixed number of arguments To call a subroutine: $mysubroutine(); # ok anywhere in the Perl code -or- mysubroutine(); # if sub was already defined in the code -or- $mysubroutine ($var1, 23.5, "mother") # includes arguments -or- $mysubroutine $var1, 23.5, "mother" # without () if sub already seen Returning a value: all subroutines return a single value - can be scalar, array, assoc array default is to return the last expression's value -or- return (expression) # example: return ($temp) --> return a scalar value # example: return (0) --> return a specific value # example: return (@myarray) --> return an array Sub test { print "hi" $result; # to clarify return value, put the value to be returned on the last line } Pass values to subroutine: $mysubroutine ($var1, 23.5, "mother") # includes arguments Retrieve returned values: @_ is an array that has all the passed arguments To simplify access to @_, use: ($a, $b, $c) = @_ To simplify as above, pass scalar variables first, then array You can effectively pass only 1 array to sub (and keep it distinct) $_[0] is the 0th element of the array @_ $_[2] has nothing to do with scalar special variable $_ If you change a value of @_, the passed argument changes also To retrieve multiple arrays, use references Pure function: can be used by another program without relying on context it's being called in Subroutine example: #!/usr/local/bin/perl # # Declare and Define subrouting MY_SUB # call MY_SUB three times # # subroutine MY_SUB # sub MY_SUB { local ( $param_1, $param_2 ) = @_ ; print "\n Called MY_SUB \n \t $param_1 \n \t $param_2 \n" ; } # # MAIN part of the program # for ( $i=0; $i<3; $i++ ) { &MY_SUB ( "text", 123 ) ; } # # DONE # ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 11 - Databases Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C dbmopen (%myhash, "hashname", 0644); # opens hashname.pag & hashname.dir dbmclose (%myhash); # change the %myhash values changes the content of the dbm file # %myhash content before dbmopen is removed # %myhash content after dbmclose is removed delete $Hash{keyvalue} # delete a pair %Hash = () # remove all entries ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 12 - Regular expressions Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C /xxx/ is a string between slashes. The string is called a Regular Expression ($a =~ /abc/) # the expression is true if "abc" is found in $a $string =~ /the/ # is True if "the" is in the variable $string $string !~ /the/ # is True if "the" is NOT in the variable $string Special characters between the slashes affect how the matching is tested match m// # m/abc/ matches if abc is found in $_ substitute s/// # s/abc/123/ substitue 123 for abc list matching grep # metacharacters \n newline \t TAB . any single character * ? character class [abcde] # match any of a,b,c,d,e [a-e] # match any of a,b,c,d,e [0-9] # match a digit [*!@#$%&()] # match any of these punctuation marks ^ # caret as first character negates the match anchors /^xxx/ # matches if line starts with xxx /$xxx/ # matches if line ends with xxx Assertions: used to anchor parts of the pattern Example Matches Doesn't Match to word or string boundaries ^ start of string ^fool folish tomfoolery $ end of string fool$ April fool foolish \b word boundary be\bside be side beside \B nonword boundary be\Bside beside bd side Atoms: building blocks of a regular expression . any character b.b bob bb [] list of characters in brackets ^[Bb] Bob, bob Rbob () regular expression ^a(b.b)c$ abobc abbc Quantifiers: modifier for an atom * zero or more instances of the atom ab*c ac, abc abb + one or more instances of the atom ab+c abc ac ? zero or one instances of the atom ab?c ac, abc abbc {n} n instances of the atom ab{2}c abbc abbbc {n,} at least n instances of the atom ab{2,}c abbc, abbbc abc {n,m} at least n, at most m instances of the atom ab{2,3}c abbc abbbbc Special Characters: \n \d any digit b\dd b4d bad \D nondigit b\Dd bdd b4d \n newline \t TAB \s white space character \S non white space char \w alphanumeric char a\wb a2b a^b \W nonalphanumeric char a\Wb aa^b aabb Match Options: g perform global matching - even after first match has been found i perform case-insensitive matching o evaluate regular expresssion one time only Backreferences: When performing matches, you can direct Perl to track all of the parts of the string in which the match succeeded. The results will be stored in variables $1 $2 ... Examples: $string =~ /^x/ tests for x at the start of the string $string =~ /$x/ tests for x at the end of the string $string =~ /./ tests for any single character $string =~ /t.e/ tests for t and e separated by any one character $string =~ /^$/ tests for a string with nothing in it $string =~ /[a-z]/ test for any one character of any lower case letter $string =~ /[a-zA-Z]/ test for any one character of any letter $string =~ s/dog/cat/ replaces dog with cat first time it appears in the string $string =~ s/dog/cat/gi replaces dog with cat anywhere in the string, case insensitive ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 13 - File handling Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C < open for reading - default > open for writing >> open for appending +< open for both reading and writing +> open for both reading and writing | (before file name) treat file as command into which Perl is to pipe text | (after file name) treat file as command from which input is to be piped to Perl <> # special operator for reading from files # returns 1 line if used in scalar context # returns all lines is used in array context --- Open for reading: open (filehandle, pathname) # make up your own name for filehandle open (Handle, "file.txt") # returns nonzero value if open is successful open (Handle, "file.txt") || die # right side is not executed if open is successful open (Handle, 'c:\temp\file.txt') # note single quotes that allows use of backslash # if Handle is re-used, old file is closed close (Handle) $filedata = # read one line from the file into the scalar $filedata @filedata = # read all lines from the file into the array @filedata <> angle operator used for reading/writing files $c=; # reads from a keyboard (also gets the newline character) chomp $c; # removes the newline character while (defined ($a=)) { print $a ; } while () # while puts input line int0 special variable $_ until EOF { print $_ ; } --- Open for writing: open (filehandle, ">pathname") # open to overwrite open (filehandle, ">>pathname") # open to append --- Write to file: print MYFILE LIST # no comma (except in list) --- File Test Operators: $a = (-e 'file.txt') # True if file exists $a = (-s 'file.txt') # returns size of file in bytes $a = (-d 'c:\temp') # True if 'c:\temp' is a directory --- Rename a file: rename($old, $new); --- to delete line at end of a file, use 'tell' and 'truncate' statements --- Read a single character from a file: use the 'getc' function ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 14 - Command Summary Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C int int(50.5) # returns integer portion, use printf function for rounding) length length ("mylist") # length of string lc uc("Dog Star") # lower case uc uc("dog star") # upper case cos cos(50) # cosine in radians rand rand(5) # random number 0 to less than argument, 0-1 if argument omitted ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 15 - Common mistakes Perl _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Adapted from Programming Perl, page 361. Testing "all-at-once" instead of incrementally, either bottom-up or top-down. Optimistically skipping print scaffolding to dump values and show progress. Not running with the perl -w switch to catch obvious typographical errors. Leaving off $ or @ or % from the front of a variable, or omitting & when invoking a subroutine in Perl 4. Forgetting the trailing semicolon. Forgetting curly braces around a block. Unbalanced (), {}, [], "", '', ``, and sometimes <>. Mixing '' and "", or / and \. Using == instead of eq, != instead of ne, = instead of ==, etc. ('White' == 'Black') and ($x = 5) evaluate as (0 == 0) and (5) and thus are true! Using "else if" instead of "elsif". Not chopping the output of backquotes `date` or not chopping input: print "Enter y to proceed: "; $ans = ; chop $ans; if ($ans eq 'y') { print "You said y\n";} else { print "You did not say 'y'\n";} Putting a comma after the file handle in a print statement. Forgetting that Perl array subscripts and string indexes normally start at 0, not 1. Using $_, $1, or other side-effect variables, then modifying the code in a way that unknowingly affects or is affected by these. Forgetting that regular expressions are greedy, seeking the longest match not the shortest match. ----E ----H ----E ----T Does an array contain an element Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C $is_there = grep $_ eq $whatever, @array; # why author didn't like it? $is_there = grep /$whatever/, @array; # why author didn't like it? ----E ----H ----E ----T Extract unique elements of an array Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C $prev = 'nonesuch' @out = grep($_ ne $prev && ($prev = $_) , @in); ----E ----H ----E ----T look up a hash by value Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C %by_value = reverse %by_key $key = $by_value($value) ----E ----H ----E ----T modify each element of an array #2 Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C for (@radii) { $_ **=3; $_ *= (4/3) * 3.14159; } ----E ----H ----E ----T print lines r through s of an array Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C open (SOURCE, "file.txt"); @all = ; # put all lines in an array close (SOURCE) open (DEST, "file2.txt"); print DEST @all[$r-$s] ; # print lines r through s close (DEST) ----E ----H ----E ----T print only the first n elements of an array to a file Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C open(DEST, "test.txt") $i=1; foreach (DEST) { print DEST $_ ; last if $i==9 ; # print only 9 items $i++; } close (DEST) ----E ----H ----E ----T process an entire hash Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C while (($key,$value) = each %hash) { print "$key = $value\n"; } ----E ----H ----E ----T randomly extract from an array until all are gone Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C for (0 .. $#myarray) { # $index = int(rand $#myarray); print �$myarray[$index] ; splice @myarray, $index, 1 } ----E ----H ----E ----T select random element from an array Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C srand; # not needed for 5.004 and later $index = rand @array $element = $array[$index] ----E ----H ----E ----T shuffle an array randomly Perl arrays 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C while (@old) { push (@new, splice(@old, rand @old, 1)); } # randomly pick element for swapping ----E ----H ----E ----T CGI script for web page with complete form Perl cgi 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #!/usr/bin/perl print < My Web Page
My Web Page
This page brought to you by ...
Dog Cat Pig
Please pick me! Default text content is placed here.

WEBPAGE #no trailing spaces allowed ----E ----H ----E ----T CGI script for web page with embedded variables Perl cgi 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #!/usr/bin/perl $value = "Sample Information" # create your own values or draw them from %ENV print < My Web Page
My Web Page
This page brought to you by ...

$value

Note that the checkbox name-value pair is not included if it was not checked on the calling form.
Thank you for trying out this sample Perl script. WEBPAGE #no trailing white spaces allowed ----E ----H ----E ----T CGI script to return a file from the server inside an HTML file Perl cgi 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #!/usr/local/bin/perl # # Read in the data file # Print out HTML formatted lines # $file = 'data.txt' ; # Name the file open(INFO, "<$file" ) ; # Open the file @lines = ; # Read it into an array close(INFO) ; # Close the file print " PERL output \n" ; print " \n" ; foreach $line (@lines) # assign @lines to $line, one at a time { # braces {} are required, bracket code print "\n
$line
" ; # print formatted lines to screen } print "\n \n\n" ; # # DONE # ----E ----H ----E ----T CGI script to return existing page Perl cgi 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #!/usr/bin/perl #do whatever Perl stuff you want first, then the next line sends the user to an existing page print "Location: http://www.vbinformation.com/index.htm" ; ----E ----H ----E ----T CGI script to return web page with no data Perl cgi 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #!/usr/bin/perl print < stop_html ----E ----H ----E ----T Get variables from QUERY_STRING Perl cgi 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C if ($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} eq "GET") { $qstring = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'}; } else { $qstring = ; # read(STDIN, $qstring, $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}); } @pairs = split(/&/, $qstring); # split the name-value pairs foreach $pair (@pairs) # loop through each pair { ($name, $value) = split(/=/, $pair); # Create a Name/Value pair set $name =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/; # make keys uppercase (optional) $value =~ s/\+/ /g; # change + signs to spaces $value =~ tr/+/ /; # change + signs to spaces (alternate) $value =~ s/%(..)/pack("c",hex($1))/ge; # convert the URI code $in{$name} = $value; # put in hash array %in } print %in ----E ----H ----E ----T Everlasting loop Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C while (1) { print "going and going �.\n" ; } ----E ----H ----E ----T For loop Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #!/user/bin/perl for ($a=0 ; $a<1000 ; $a=$a+2) { print "Counting .. $a \n"; } sfflow ----E ----H ----E ----T loop through a file Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C open (SOURCE, "text.txt") while () # without condition, file is read one line at a time til EOF { chomp; print; } # each line is put into $_. chomp/print operate on $_ close (INPUT) print '\n.. Done!'; ----E ----H ----E ----T loop through a hash Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C foreach $key ( keys %MyHash) { print "$key :$MyHash{$key} \n"; } # print each key, then its value ----E ----H ----E ----T loop through a hash array #2 Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C foreach $key ( keys %MyHash) # 'keys %myhash' creates list of all keys { print "$key :$MyHash{$key} \n"; } # print each key, then its value ----E ----H ----E ----T loop through an array Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C foreach $element (@myarray) # $element is a reference to each value of @myarray { print "$element\n"} ----E ----H ----E ----T loop through array using FOR #2 Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C for $x (0 .. $#myarray) # uses range operator to indicate list over which for operates { print �$myarray[$x]\n�; } ----E ----H ----E ----T loop through array using FOREACH with $_ Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----- Loop through array using FOREACH ------- foreach $element (@myarray) # $element is a reference to each value of @myarray { print "$element\n" ; } ----E ----H ----E ----T short circuiting Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Use OR/AND to determine if a statement is to be exectued: Two ways to use it: Use OR: $value > 10 || print "value is low"; # print right side if left is false Use AND: $value > 10 && print "value is high"; # print right side if left is true ----E ----H ----E ----T while loop Perl conditional looping 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #!/user/bin/perl $counter=0; while ($counter<10) { print "Still counting .. $counter\n"; $counter' } ----E ----H ----E ----T sendmail Perl email 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C open(SENDMAIL, "|/usr/lib/sendmail -oi -t -odq") or die "Can't fork for sendmail: $!\n"; print SENDMAIL <<"EOF"; From: User Originating Mail To: Final Destination Subject: A relevant subject line Body of the message goes here after the blank line in as many lines as you like. EOF close(SENDMAIL) or warn "sendmail didn't close nicely"; ----E ----H ----E ----T print formatting Perl formatting 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C print printf formatstring, list printf filehandle formatstring, list # note that there is no comma after filehandle sprintf # same as printf, except returns a string formatstring: "%-w.dx" # prints all characters except those begining with % (mandatory) # - is left justifed, otherwise right justified (optional) # w is width (optional) # d for numbers is numbers to left of decimal position (optional) # d for strings total width (optional) # x type of data to be printed c-character, s-string # x type of data to be printer d-integer (truncated), f-floating point ----E ----H ----E ----T print samples Perl formatting 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C printf("%20s","Jack"); # right-justify "Jack" in a 20 characters printf("%-20s","Jack"); # left-justify "Jack" in a 20 characters $amt=7.12; printf("%6.2f",$amt); # prints " 7.12" $amt=7.127; printf("%6.2f",$amt); # prints " 7.13" extra digit rounded printf("%c", 65); # print ASCII character for 65, "A" $amt=9.4 printf("%6.2f",$amt); # prints " 9.40" $amt=9.4 printf("%6d",$amt); # prints " 9" $amt=9.4 printf("%06d",$amt); # prints "000009" 0 in front of the 6 says to show leading zeros ----E ----H ----E ----T Find primes Perl math 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #!/usr/bin/perl -w $maxprimes=20; # Stop when you've found this many $value=1; $count=0; while($count < $maxprimes) { $value++; $composite=0; OUTER: for ($i=2; $i<$value; $i++) { for($j=$i; $j<$value; $j++) { if (($j*$i)==$value) { $composite=1; last OUTER; } } } if (! $composite) { $count++; print "$value is prime\n"; } } ----E ----H ----E ----T perform operation on series of integers Perl math 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C @results = map { my_func($_) | @array; ----E ----H ----E ----T print an array to a file Perl print 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C open(DEST, "test.txt") print DEST @myarray; close (DEST) ----E ----H ----E ----T print to more than one file at once Perl print 2005-02-22 15:50:45 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C for $fh (FH1, FH2, FH3) { print $fh "whatever\n" } ----E ----H ----E ----T sort array numerically Perl sort 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C sub sort_numerically { return (sort { $a <=> $b } @_ } ; ----E ----H ----E ----T sort hash by a key Perl sort 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C foreach $key ( sort keys %Words ) { print "$key \n"; } ----E ----H ----E ----T sort on several fields Perl sort 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C $sorted = sort { field1($a) <=> field1($b) || # see PerlFAQ on this field2($a) cmp field2($b) || field3($a) cmp field3($b) } @data; ----E ----H ----E ----T Code data for reading as records Perl strings 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C print DEST "$a::$b::$c\n"; # print 3 variables to a single line in a file # "::" was chosen because is unlikely to occur in real data ($a,$b,$c) = split (/::/$line) # read 3 variables form a @line in the file $a = $line[0] # same result as above (don't really need $a $b = $line[1] # same result as above (don't really need $b $c = $line[2] # same result as above (don't really need $c ----E ----H ----E ----T List of all files then separate file from path Perl strings 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; my @all_files = `dir \\*.* /s/b`; my %filecounts; foreach my $file_and_path (@all_files) { $file_and_path =~ m/(.*)\\(.*)$/; # (Windows only) my ($path, $name) = ($1, $2); $filecounts{$name}++; } foreach my $this_file (sort keys %filecounts) { print "$this_file: $filecounts{$this_file}\n"; } ----E ----H ----E ----T remove newline character from end of string Perl strings 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C chomp $c; # removes newline character from end of string (anywhere in the string) ----E ----H ----E ----T return last 5 characters in a string Perl strings 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C $a = substr ($b, -5) ; ----E ----H ----E ----T trim a string #2 Perl strings 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C $string =~ s/^\s+//; $string =~ s/\s+$//; ----E ----H ----E ----T swap two variables Perl syntax 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ($a, $b) = ($b, $a) ----E ----H ----E ----T CGI script to display all environmental variables Perl system info 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C foreach $key (sort keys(%ENV)) { print "$key=$ENV{$key}
"; } Environmental Variables are contained in %ENV, an associate array: CONTENT_LENGTH Length in bytes of the input stream CONTENT_TYPE Content type of the data passed with the query DATE_LOCAL Current local data and time LAST_MODIFIED Date and time of the last modification of the current document DOCUMENT_ROOT Directory over which all www document paths are resolved by the server HTTP_REFERER URL that referred the web client to the script HTTP_USER_AGENT Name/version of the client (browser) issuing the request to the script PATH_INFO The extra path information following the script's path in the URL PATH_TRANSLATED The PATH_INFO mapped onto DOCUMENT_ROOT QUERY_STRING Query information, following a question mark after the script location REMOVE_ADDR IP address from which the client is issuing the request REMOTE_HOST Name of the host form which the client issues the request REQUEST_METHOD GET, POST, or HEAD SCRIPT_NAME The virtual path from which the script is executed SERVER_NAME The web server's hostname or IP address SERVER_PORT The web server's listening port SERVER_SOFTWARE Name/version of the information server software answering the request ----E ----H ----E ----T Count the number of lines in a file Perl text file 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C $lines = 0; open(FILE, $filename) or die "Can't open `$filename': $!"; while (sysread FILE, $buffer, 4096) { $lines += ($buffer =~ tr/\n//); } close (FILE); ----E ----H ----E ----T Delete last line of a file Perl text file 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C open (FH, "+< $file"); while ( ) { $addr = tell(FH) unless eof(FH) } truncate(FH, $addr); ----E ----H ----E ----T read a file and write it to a second file #2 Perl text file 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C open(SOURCE, "test.txt") # use single quotes if a backslash for the pathname open(DEST, "test2.txt") # use single quotes if a backslash for the pathname print DEST ; close (DEST) close (SOURCE) ----E ----H ----E ----T read a random line from a file Perl text file 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C srand; rand($.) < 1 && ($line = $_) while <>; ----E ----H ----E ----T read a text file into a scalar Perl text file 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C $var = 'cat $file' # where $file is the file name ----E ----H ----E ----T read a text file into an array then print it Perl text file 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C open (FFF, "file.txt"); @all = ; print @all ; # print "@all\n"; joins elements of @all with a space close (FFF) ----E ----H ----E ----T read a text file one line at a time Perl text file 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C open (SOURCE, "file.txt"); while $line (SOURCE) { ($a,$b,$c) = split (/::/$line) # read 3 variables form a line in the file } close (SOURCE) ----E ----H ----E ----T select a random line from a file Perl text file 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C srand; rand($.) < 1 && ($line = $_) while <>; ----E ----H ----E ----T selectively save part of file Perl text file 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C $old = $file; $new = "$file.tmp.$$"; $bak = "$file.orig"; open(OLD, "< $old") or die "can't open $old: $!"; open(NEW, "> $new") or die "can't open $new: $!"; # Correct typos, preserving case while () { s/\b(p)earl\b/${1}erl/i; (print NEW $_) or die "can't write to $new: $!"; } close(OLD) or die "can't close $old: $!"; close(NEW) or die "can't close $new: $!"; rename($old, $bak) or die "can't rename $old to $bak: $!"; rename($new, $old) or die "can't rename $new to $old: $!"; ----E ----H ----E ----T print current time Perl time 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year_off, $wday, $yday, $isdat) = localtime print $sec , " seconds (0-59)\n" ; print $min , " minutes (0-59)\n" ; print $hour , " hour (0-23)\n" ; print $mday , " day of the month (1-31)\n" ; print $mon , " month of the year (1-12)\n" ; print $year_off , " number of years since 1900\n" ; print $wday , " day of the week (0-6)\n" ; print $yday , " day of the year (0-365)\n" ; print $isdat , " True if Daylight Savings Time is in effect\n" ; ----E ----H ----E ----T time handling Perl time 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C localtime # function that returns local time @timeinfo = localtime # puts 9 entries into array @timeinfo ($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year_off, $wday, $yday, $isdat) = localtime ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 01 - Overview PHP _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:27 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C PHP stands for "PHP: Howmany Processors" PHP is a server-side scripting language. The code is embedded in an HTML file. The server extracts the PHP code and runs the script (at the server). The PHP code is run as it is found - before any following HTML code is executed. ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 02 - Basic Code (Hello World) PHP _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:27 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 03 - Syntax PHP _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:27 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C In PHP, a variable does not require formal declaration. It will automatically be declared when a value is assigned to it. Variables are prefixed by a dollar sign: ($VariableName). Variables are prefixed by a dollar sign Variables do not have declared types. A variable's type does not have to be fixed, meaning it can be changed over the variable's lifetime. The table below list's PHP's variable types ----E ----H ----E ----T Snippet 14 PL1 _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:31 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 01 - Overview SQL _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:36 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C SQL - Structured Query Language Standard language between most databse applications (although Microsoft has added it's own proprietary statements) In general, SQL is a way to select certain records from database tables, using criteria you choose. SQL consists of creating a query - a string - that the database server interprets With SQL you can: -Modify a database's structure (create tables) -Change system security settings -Add user permissions on databases or tables -Query a database for information -Update the contents of a database (add/delete data) -Store your queries within your program or database. A database server application receives the query and returns information (usually databse records according to the instructions in the query Example of SQL query (string): SELECT * FROM employee * means all records employee is the table of employees Commonly available applications which support SQL include: Microsoft Access, Oracle, Microsoft Query ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 02 - Syntax SQL _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:36 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C An SQL query is not case sensitive Most used keywords: SELECT FROM WHERE Keywords: SELECT, FROM, WHERE Clause: SELECT column1, column2 Statement complete SQL query Common keyword usage: UNION returns the results of two queries minus the duplicate rows INTERSECT returns only the rows found by both queries MINUS returns the rows from the first query that were not present in the second JOIN returns results of both queries AND, OR IN shorthand function BETWEEN shorthand function Operators supported: = != < > >= <= * - + \ % (or MOD) ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 03 - Sample Queries SQL _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:36 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C SELECT * FROM customers SELECT firstname, lastname, age FROM customers SELECT * FROM customers WHERE name LIKE "%David%" SELECT item, price, price*1.07 (Sale Price) FROM inventory SELECT * FROM customers WHERE name LIKE "David%" SELECT name FROM customers WHERE state="TX" OR state="CA" SELECT * FROM friends WHERE areacode IN(100,381,204) SELECT * FROM friends WHERE areacode BETWEEN (100,200) ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 04 - Functions - Aggregate SQL _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:36 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C COUNT: returns the number of rows that satisfy the condition in the WHERE clause. SUM: returns the sum of all values in a column AVG: computes the average of a column MAX: returns the largest value in a column, use MAX MIN: returns the lowest member of a column VARIANCE: returns the square of the standard deviation STDDEV: returns the standard deviation of a column of numbers ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 05 - Functions - Date and Time SQL _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:36 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ADD_MONTHS: adds a number of months to a specified date LAST_DAY: returns the last day of a specified month MONTHS_BETWEEN: how many months fall between month x and month y NEW_TIME: adjust the time according to the time zone you are in NEXT_DAY finds the name of the first day of the week that is equal to or later than another specified date SYSDATE returns the system time and date: ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 06 - Functions - Arithmetic SQL _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:36 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ABS: returns the absolute value of a number CEIL: returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to its argument FLOOR: returns the largest integer equal to or less than its argument COS, COSH, SIN, SINH, TAN, and TANH: returns the appropriate trigonometric value. argument is in radians EXP: raise e to a power LN: returns the logarithm to base e of the argument LOG: returns the logarithm to base 10 of the argument MOD: returns remainder of a division POWER: raise one number to the power of another SIGN: returns -1 if its argument is less than 0, 0 if its argument is equal to 0, and 1 if its argument is greater than 0 SQRT: returns the square root of an argument (cannot use SQRT on negative numbers) ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 07 - Functions - Character SQL _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:36 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C CHR: returns the character equivalent of the number it uses as an argument CONCAT: splices two strings together INITCAP: capitalizes the first letter of a word and makes all other characters lowercase. LOWER: changes all the characters to lower case UPPER: changes all the characters to upper case LPAD: pads the left side of a string with a specified character RPAD: pads the right side of a string with a specified character LTRIM: removes all spaces on the left side of a string RTRIM: removes all spaces on the right side of a string REPLACE: replaces all occurences of a string with a specified string SUBSTR: returns a specified length from within a given string TRANSLATE" s three arguments: the target string, the FROM string, and the TO string. Elements of the target string that occur in the FROM string are translated to the corresponding element in the TO string INSTR: determines where a string is found within another LENGTH: returns the length of its lone character argument ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 08 - Functions - Conversions SQL _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:36 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C TO_CHAR: convert a number into a character TO_NUMBER: converts a string into a number GREATEST: finds the largest number from a series of expressions LEAST: finds the smallest number from a series of expressions ----E ----H ----E ----T AND SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C use of AND OR SELECT name FROM customers WHERE state="TX" AND name="Beene" SELECT name FROM customers WHERE state="TX" OR state="CA" SELECT name FROM customers WHERE state="TX" OR state="CA" ----E ----H ----E ----T BETWEEN SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C shorthand notation: SELECT * FROM friends WHERE areacode BETWEEN (100,200) ----E ----H ----E ----T Concatenation SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C the || (double pipe) concatenates two string: note that some applications use the plus (+) sign to concatenate strings: SELECT firstname || lastname (EntireName), phone FROM customers or SELECT firstname || "," || lastname (EntireName), phone FROM customers ----E ----H ----E ----T Create a column on the fly SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C create a column on the fly: SELECT item, price, price*1.07 FROM inventory ----E ----H ----E ----T Create a column on the fly and rename it SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C SELECT item, price, price*1.07 (Sale Price) FROM inventory ----E ----H ----E ----T IN SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C shorthand notation: SELECT * FROM friends WHERE areacode IN(100,381,204) ----E ----H ----E ----T INTERSECT SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C use of INTERSECT - returns only the rows found by both queries SELECT name FROM customers INTERSECT SELECT name FROM friends ----E ----H ----E ----T JOIN SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C use of JOIN - SELECT name from customer JOIN SELECT name from friends ----E ----H ----E ----T Limit selection to match criteria SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C limit selection to match criteria: note that while SQL is not case senstive, data is: SELECT * FROM bikes WHERE name = "Beene" ----E ----H ----E ----T MINUS SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C use of MINUS - returns the rows from the first query that were not present in the second SELECT name from customer MINUS SELECT name from friends ----E ----H ----E ----T Pattern search SQL examples 2005-02-21 22:42:43 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C limited search criteria. note can use NOT in front of LIKE: note that LIKE is case sensitive: SELECT * FROM customers WHERE name LIKE "David%" or SELECT * FROM customers WHERE name NOT LIKE "David%" ----E ----H ----E ----T Select all fields from a table SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C SELECT * FROM customers ----E ----H ----E ----T Select multiple fields from a table SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C select multiple fields (columns) from a table: SELECT name, age FROM employee ----E ----H ----E ----T Test for absence of a field value SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C note that some applications use IS NULL instead of the following: SELECT * FROM inventory WHERE price = NULL ----E ----H ----E ----T UNION SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C use of UNION - meets 2 queries less duplicates: SELECT name FROM customers UNION SELECT name FROM friends ----E ----H ----E ----T Wildcard character SQL examples 2005-01-09 00:27:13 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C underscore _ is single-character wildcard: SELECT * FROM customers WHERE state LIKE "T_" ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 01 - Overview VB.Net _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:40 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T - Tutorial 01 - Overview VBA _tutorials 2005-02-17 22:17:45 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ----E ----H ----E ----T 01 Overview Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-28 10:18:02 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..Early computer languages were Command Line languages. A user wrote a program, compiled it, and ran the EXE from the Command Line (DOS prompt- C:\). If a visual interface (such as a display graph or location to type in information) was needed, the user had to write the code to manipulate every pixel on the screen that was needed to create the display. Visual Basic greatly simplified this process by providing the capability to create user interface items (windows, buttons, textboxes, etc.) easily using just a mouse. All of the code for the user interface Object was pre-written and stored in "runtime" files, which handled the details of interfacing with the Windows OS. All a user had to do was draw the button and write the code to respond to events such as a mouse click or the pressing of keys on the keyboard. VB3 was the first version to achieve popularity. VB6 has been the most popular of all and is still used by more programmers than the most recent edition - VB.net. Another key feature of VB is that it uses an event-driven model. When a VB program starts it goes through some initialization and then basically waits for an event to occur. Events are such things are mouse clicks or button presses by the user. A VB program consists primarily of the code which responds to these events. ----E ----H ----E ----T 02 Sample code visual basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 11:03:52 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C Sub Command1_click 'create a new VB program with a single window and a single button 'put the line below in the button click event . The line is executed when the button is pressed 'MsgBox Is a built-In VB function which pops up a window with the specified text MsgBox "Hello world!" End Sub ----E ----H ----E ----T 03 IDE Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 08:47:57 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..VB comes with a graphical inteface for entering and executing code (some languages still use the command line). The interface is called the Integrated Developement Environment (IDE) The IDE and compiler are integrated. The basic function of the IDE is to provide a text editor for writing your code. The second basic function of the IDE is to allow you to run your program immediately (simply press F5), without first having to compile your program. The third primary function of the IDE is to allow your to compile your program. VB's IDE allows you to open one or more projects or to combine projects into groups. The IDE also manages the addition/deletion of forms, modules and class files to your projects. The IDE provides some other very key features: 1. code editor with syntax highlighting 2. Intellisense (displays possible options to finishing a line of code) 3. programs can be executed immediately from the IDE 4. programs can be compiled to create an EXE for later execution 5. debug features, including step-by-step execution of a program 6 expression watches, where you can pause when specified conditions are met ----E ----H ----E ----T 04 Syntax Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 08:48:40 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'VB code is written one line at a time, A line of code is called a statement. (Not all languages 'recognize the end of a line as the end of a statement). MyString = "hello" 'There are two variations on the rule of one line per statement: '1. The underline character can be used to allow a long line of code to span multiple physical lines (simply a visual aide) MyString = "the boys are about" & _ "where we want them" '2. A colon can be used to put two or more statements on a single line MyString = "hello" : YourString = "goodbye" 'VB allows the placement of comments in a line - comments are descriptive text which 'will be ignored during execution of the program. Comments are usually shown in 'the IDE as green-colored text. There are two ways to comment code: '1. start the line with 'REM' REM this is a comment line '2. all code to the right of an apostrophe is treated as a comment My String = "hello" 'comments go here ----E ----H ----E ----T 05 Data types / variables Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:02:01 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C VB, like most programming languages, stores information in multiple formats. The basic data types supported by VB are: 'Integer whole numbers -32,768 to +32,767 2 bytes 'Long whole numbers -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 4 bytes 'Single numbers with decimal points -1.4E-45 to +3.4E38 4 bytes 'Double numbers with decimal points -4.9E-324 to 1.8E308 8 bytes 'Boolean value of True or False only 'Strings sequences of characters, such as "abc123" 'Byte single character 0 to 255 'Date includes date and time 'Variant any type from the list above 'Variables are names assigned to store values. Variable naming rules are: '1. Start with a letter '2. Consist of letter, numbers, or an underscore '_' '3. Cannot exceed 255 characters 'To create a variable of a certain type, use the Dim function Dim MyString as String MySring = "abc" Dim Y as Integer Y = 2 'VB also supports a user-defined type (UDT), which is a combination 'of the other types Type Address Address as String City as String State as String Zip as String End Type Dim R as Address R.Address = "101 Clover Lange" R.City = "Tulsa" R.State = "OK" R.Zip = "72310" 'These VB function are available to convert 1 data type into another CBool(expression) CByte(expression) CCur(expression) CDate(expression) CDbl(expression) CDec(expression) CInt(expression) CLng(expression) CSng(expression) CStr(expression) CVar(expression) ----E ----H ----E ----T 06 Operators Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 10:20:31 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'VB supports the following operators 'Arithmetic + addition for numbers - substraction / division \ integer division, discards the decimal part of the answer * multiply ^ exponentiation Mod division, returning only the remainder 'Comparison = equal < less than > greater than <> not equal >= greater than or equal to <= less than or equal to Is two variables/objects are the same Like variable matches a pattern 'Concatenation & combines two strings into one + combines two strings into one (is addition for numbers) 'Logical And logical conjunction (both values True) Or logical disjunction (either value True) Not logical negation (reverses True/False value) Xor logical exclusion (True if one, and only one, is True) Imp logical implication (e9e9 Eqv logical equivalence (True if both have same logical value) ----E ----H ----E ----T 07 Boolean logic Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 10:20:51 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'Boolean refers to logical relationships - True or False, and is named 'after mathematician George Boole. 'VB supports the following Boolean opertors Or And Not Xor 'The following operators are also supported but see very little use by VB programmers Eqv Imp Is 'To create a Boolean variable, use this: Dim X As Boolean 'Mathematical values used in Boolean expresssion are converted to Boolean values as follows: 0 becomes False all other values become True. 'Boolean values used in mathematical expressions are converted to mathematical values as follows: False becomes 0 i.e. False * 2 = 0 True becomes -1 i.e. True * 5 = -5 'results of applying Val to Boolean Val(True) = 0 Val(False) = 0 Abs(True) = 1 Abs(False) = 0 CInt(True) = -1 CInt(False) = 0 Print True ---> True Print False ---> False If A Then '0 value is treated as False 'non-zero value is treated as True End If ----E ----H ----E ----T 08 Strings Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:16:57 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ' "abc" is a String consisting of the three letters a, b, and c 'a string variable is assigned content as follows: mystring = "abc" 'two strings can be merged with the & operator mystring = "abc" & "def" = "abcdef" 'VB has really wide range of functions that perform string operations Left 'returns # of characters at left of string Right 'returns # of characters at right of string Trim 'removes spaces from both ends of a string LTrim 'removes spaces from left side of a string RTrim 'removes spaced from right side of a string UCase 'make entire string upper case LCase 'makes entire string lower case Mid 'returns any or all of a string (substring) Chr 'returns string character associated with an integer (see Ascii values) Asc 'returns Ascii integer value of a single character Len 'retruns the length of a string (number of characters in the string) LSet 'left justifies a string in a string of specified width, padding with spaces as needed RSet 'right justifies a string in a string of specified width, padding with spaces as needed String 'retuns a string consisting of a character, repeated a specified number of times Space 'returns a specified number of spaces InStr 'finds position of one string inside a larger string (position defined as starting from the left of the string) InStrRev 'finds position of one string inside a larger string (position defined as starting from the right of the string) Like 'compares two string and returns a Boolean result Replace 'replaces a part of a string with a specified replacement string Join 'joins the elements of an array into a single string, separated by a specified delimeter Split 'separates a string into an array. separation is made at a specified delimeter StrComp 'compares two strings for equality - with various options StrReverse 'reverse the order of characters in a string StrConv 'converts a string to various formats (upper, lower, proper, ...) Format 'formats an expression to a user-define format. format is defined by a string FormatCurrency 'formats a number as currency FormatDateTime 'formats an expression as date and time FormatNumber 'formats a number with various options FormatPerCent 'formats a number as a percent ----E ----H ----E ----T 09 Arrays Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 11:31:10 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'Arrays are variables which hold multiple values. Each of the values is indexed. 'Declare an array with Dim 'Arrays default to a lower bound of zero but the user must specify the upper bound Dim MyArray(5) as Long '6 elements, 0-6 'Users can define the upper/lower bounds Dim MyArray(1 to 15) Dim MyArray(-10 to 10) 'Arrays can have multiple dimensions Dim MyArray(5,5) Dim MyArray(1 to 10, 1 to 50) 'Arrays whose dimensions are set with Dim are fixed-size arrays. The dimensions 'cannot be changed. 'Arrays whose dimensions can be changed are called dynamic arrays. 'They are declared with ReDim and later dimensioned again, as often as needed ReDim MyArray() 'dynamic array 'then later in code: ReDim MyArray(15) 'the dimensions can be changed at any time to any value 'ReDim loses values in the array unless Preserve is used ReDim Preserve MyArray(15) 'Control arrays Variables can contain objects, such as textboxes or pictureboxes, and VB supports arrays of objects as well. ----E ----H ----E ----T 10 Flow control Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 11:03:47 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'VB offers 6 basic methods of flow control 1. For ... Next 2. If ... Then 3. Select Case ... End Select 4. While ... Wend 5. Do ... Loop 6. GoTo 'For ... Next ================================= For i = 1 To j Step k ... Next i 'Example For i = 1 To 10 Print i Next i 'If ... Then ================================= If (expression) Then ... ElseIf (expression) ... Else ... End If 'Example If j > 6 Then Print "big" ElseIf i <> 32 Print "hello" Else Print "none of the above End If 'Select Case ... End Select ================================= Select Case (expression) Case (variable list) Case (variable list) Case Else End Select 'While ... Wend ================================= While (expression) ... Wend 'Do ... Loop ================================= Do While | Until (expression) ... Loop While | Until (expression) For Each (variable) In (Collection) Next 'Example Do While j < 10 j = j + 1 Print J Loop 'Example Do j = j + 1 Print J Loop Until j = 25 'GoTo ================================= GoTo Line 'Example GoTo Start 'skips the next two lines j = j + 1 Print j Start: Print j ----E ----H ----E ----T 11 Variable scope and lifetime Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:40:48 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'Scope ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 'The scope of a variable defines which parts of your program are aware of 'the variable. When you declare a variable within a procedure (sub/function) 'only code within that procedure can access or change the value of that variable. 'The variable's scope is local to the procedure. 'Scope of a variable can be controlled by the programmer. Variables are 'declared in one of two locations - procedures or modules. In each case, 'VB allows the declaration to define the procedure as Private or Public: 'Procedure-level variables Private 'variables are private to the procedure Public 'n/a. procedure variables cannot be Public 'Module-level variables Private 'variables are private to the module 'they can be accessed from within any procedure in the module Public 'variables are available to all modules 'Example: to make a public variable, put this in the declaration section of a module 'Note: Public replaces Dim in the declaration Public MyVar as Long 'Example: to make the same variable private to the module, use this: Private MyVar as Long 'Lifetime ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 'Normally, when a variable is declared in a procedure (sub/function) it exists only as long 'as the procedure is executing. For example: Sub MySub () Dim j as Long j = 5 End Sub 'When the program call MySub, the variable j is created. When the program exits 'MySub the variable i no longer exists. 'The exception is that if the declaration uses the keyword Static, the variable continues 'to exist between calls of the procedure: Sub MySub() Static Dim j as Long i = j + 5 End Sub 'In this example, the value of j is kept. Each time the procedure is called, j is incremented 'by an additional 5. 'These comments apply to module variables also ----E ----H ----E ----T 12 Functions / subroutines Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:17:17 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'VB supports two kinds of functions - Subroutines and Functions 'Both allow passing variables to the Sub/Function for use 'Subroutines execute code and return control of program to calling point Sub MySub () Print "Hello" End Sub 'Functions execute code, return a value to the program and return control of program to calling point Function MyFunction () As String MyFunction = Date End Function 'usage MyString = MyFunction 'Date is placed in MyString 'Passing variables - Sub declaration defines data type of passed variable Sub MySub (i As Long, s As String, a() As Variant) Print i Print s Print a(5) End Sub 'Passing variables - Sub declaration defines how passed variables are treated 'ByVal cannot alter the passed variable 'ByRef can alter the passed variable Sub MySub (ByVal i As Long, ByRef s As String) i = 5 'the original variable passed has not changed - ByVal s = 10 'the original variable passed is now changed - ByRef End Sub ----E ----H ----E ----T 13 Files / Folders Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:17:21 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'Files =========================== 'VB can access files as text or as binary data ' generally text files are separated into lines - string data followed by a pair of LF+CR characters ' binary files have no such LF+CR separator 'basic functions Name rename a file Kill delete a file FileCopy copy a file To a New location FileLen Get length of a file In bytes FileDateTime Get Date/Time file was last modified GetAttr Get readonly/system/hidden/directory/archive attribute of a file Or folder SetAttr Sets readonly/system/hidden/archive attribute of a file Or folder 'Open - most important VB function for reading and writing files ' files can be opened in 4 modes - append, binary, input, output, random 'Input - error if file does not exist Open "myfile.txt" For Input As #1 Line Input #1, temp 'read a line of text at a time Input #1, a,b,c 'reads list of variables Close #1 'Example of reading text file from start to end Open "myfile.txt" For Inpu As #1 While Not EOF(1) Line Input #1, temp Wend 'output - creates file if it does not exist. erases the file before creating it. Open "myfile.txt" For Output As #1 Print #1, "information" 'prints data into file. auto-inserts LF+CR Write #1, "dog", "cat" 'prints data into file. quotes around strings, commas between items. auto-inserts LF+CR Close #1 'binary - Open "myfile.txt" For Binary As #1 Get #1, 32, i Close #1 'append - text mode. write only. writing starts at end of file Open "myfile.txt" For Append As #1 Put #1, 128, j Close #1 'random - reads fixed lenght data, but may be text or binary Open "myfile.txt" For Append As #1 Get #1, 32, MyUDT 'reads the 32nd fixed-length record Close #1 'Folders======================== 'basic functions ChDir Change directory MkDir Make directory RmDir Remove directory ChDrive Change drive CurDir Return current directory ----E ----H ----E ----T 14 System functions Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:17:24 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'This tutorial covers the Windows Registry and Environment variables 'Registry -VB can access registry information at: 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\VB and VBA Program Settings\appname\section\key\value 'A registry entry includes a reference to the program, a section, a key, and a value. Windows supports values of String, Binary, or DWORD type, but VB only supports String key values. VB Registry functions are: GetSetting 'gets a value from a section\key SaveSetting 'saves a value in the registry for a section\key DeleteSetting 'deletes a section or key GetAllSettings 'returns all key/values pairs from an application\setting of the Registry 'The Registry is a database of most Windows settings, as well as those for your installed applications. 'In Windows 95, 98, and Me, the Registry is contained in two hidden files in your 'Windows directory, called USER.DAT and SYSTEM.DAT. 'In Windows 2000 and Windows XP, the Registry is stored in several Hives (special files), located 'in the \windows\system32\config and \Documents and Settings\{username} folders. 'Windows 2000 and WIndows XP have five main branches: '- HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT - contains all of file types as well as OLE information for OLE-aware applications. '- HKEY_CURRENT_USER - points to the part of HKEY_USERS appropriate for the current user. '- HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE - information about all of the hardware and software installed on your '- HKEY_USERS - preferences (such as colors and control panel settings) for each of the users of the computer. '- HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG - the part of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE appropriate for the current hardware configuration. 'Registry Editor 'Windows includes a program called the Registry Editor (regedit.exe) which allows 'you to view and edit the contents of the Registry. 'Registry Patch 'A Registry patch is a simple text file with the .REG extension that contains one or more keys 'or values. If you double-click on a .REG file, the patch is applied to the registry. You can 'create a Registry patch by opening the Registry Editor, selecting a branch, and choosing 'Export from the File menu. ============================================================================ 'Environment variables MyString = Environ("PATH") 'returns the Windows Path spec 'Environment variables are strings that contain information such as 'drive, path, or file name. They control the behavior of various programs. 'For example, the TEMP environment variable specifies the location in 'which programs place temporary files. The PATH environment variable 'determines the path(s) where Windows will look for executable files. ----E ----H ----E ----T 15 Graphics Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:17:28 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'VB has limited graphics capabilities. Most serious graphics work is done using Windows API 'Coordinate system 'Graphical controls (cannot appear on top of other controls, cannot receive focus, cannot 'serve as containers and do no have an hWnd property): 'Image 'Line 'Shape 'Pictures can be displayed on: 'form 'picturebox 'image control 'Graphics methods .Cls 'clear a drawing area .PSet 'sets color of a pixel at a specified point .Point 'returns color value at a specified point .Line 'draws line between two coordinates (also draws box) .Circle 'draw circle of radius about a specified point (can also draw arcs or ellipses) .PaintPicture 'draws a picture on a form, picturebox, or printer 'These properties affect the way graphics methods appear: .FillStyle .FillColor .DrawWidth 'width of lines .BorderWidth 'width of outline on line and shape controls .DrawStyle 'set solid or broken pattern for lines .DrawMode 'defines what happend when one pattern is drawn on top of another 'Colors 'color is a Long integer from 0 to 16,777,215 (&HFFFFFF&) 'color is represented by red, green and blue content - each with a value of 0 to 255 'RGB function is used to set colors using RGB content iColor = RGB (R, G, B) 'R,G,B have values 0 to 255. (0,0,0) is black. (255,255,255) is white. iColor = QBColor (i) 'i = 0 to 15, corresponding to VB color constants 'represent color by this syntax (Note: this is reversed from standard Internet color syntax): iColor = &HBBGGRR& 'where BB is blue, GG is green, and RR is red content 'Non-displayed pictures 'VB offers a Picture object for loading pictures which do not need to be displayed 'The Picture object is convenient for creating animation sequences by using an array of Picture objects Dim MyPicture as Picture Set MyPicture = LoadPicture("mypicture.bmp") ----E ----H ----E ----T 16 Sound Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:17:35 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'VB has only 1 intrinsic support of sound - the Beep function Beep 'emits a short mid-frequency sound 'The frequency and duration of the beep depend on your hardware 'and system software, and vary among computers. 'To employ sound in a VB application the Windows API are used ----E ----H ----E ----T 17 Date-Time Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:17:38 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'VB supports a Date data type Dim D1 as Date, D2 as Date NumberDays = D2 - D1 'subtracting dates gives days (Single data type) 'Functions iResults = Second(DateVar) 'returns 1-59 iResults = Minute(DateVar) 'returns 1-59 iResults = Hour(DateVar) 'returns 1-23 iResults = Day(DateVar) 'returns 1-31 iResults = Month(DateVar) 'returns 1-12 iResults = Weekday(DateVar) 'returns 1-7 iResults = Year(DateVar) 'returns 4 digit year 'Set time/date Time = TimeString Date = DateString 'Get time/date DateVar = Date TimeVar = Time 'Time Operations DateAdd DateDiff DatePart 'Time Functions DateSerial DateValue TimeSerial TimeValue ----E ----H ----E ----T 18 Math Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:17:41 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'VB normally operates in decimal notation, but hexadecimal (base 16) 'and octal (base 8) can also be use 'decimal MyVar = 25.2 'hexidecimal MyVar = &H14A 'octal MyVar = &O37 'VB support the following mathematical functions 'Base conversions Hex 'returns Hex string representation of a number Oct 'returns Octal string representation of a number Val 'returns content of string converted to a number 'Controlling number of decimals in a number Round Int 'returns integer portion of a number. if negative, returns first negative integet <+ to the number Fix 'returns integer portion of a number. if negative, returns first nteger greater than or equal to number 'Mathematical formula Sin 'sine Cos 'cosine Tan 'tangent Sqr 'square root Abs 'absolute value Atn 'arctangent Log 'logarithm to the base 10 'related random variables Rnd 'random number between 0 and 1 Randomize 'seeds the Rnd function so that it doesn't return the same value each time a program runs Sgn 'sign of a number 1 for > 0, 0 for 0, -1 for < 0 Partition 'returns a string indicating where a number occurs within a calculated series of ranges 'These functions are available to convert one data type to another ----E ----H ----E ----T 19 Printing Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:17:45 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'VB allows printing to 3 objects within a program '1. Printer '2. Picture controls '3. Forms Printer.print "hello" picture1.print "hello" form1.print "hello" 'printer/picture/forms support key properties which affect where the printing 'takes place and how it look .CurrentX 'starting X position .CurrentY 'starting Y position .ScaleMode 'values are twips, points, pixels, inches, cm, mm, character .ScaleLeft 'coordinate at left of object .ScaleTop 'coordinate at top of object .ScaleWidth 'width of object .ScaleHeight 'height of object 'Printing starts at x,y coordinates 0,0, or whereever set with .CurrentX and .CurrentY properties Printer.CurrentX = 1000 Printer.CurrentY = 3000 'Exact set of properties available depends on the printer driver supplied by the printer manufacturer 'To end printing on a page and start a new page use (does not apply to forms/pictures) Printer.NewPage 'To end printing on a document and eject the page use (does not apply to forms/pictures) 'VB automatically calls this when a program ends, if there is content in the print buffer Printer.EndDoc 'VB supples a special method to print the entire content of a form form1.printform 'When within the IDE, printing can also be in these two locations, but with no positioning control 'Debug window 'Immediate window ----E ----H ----E ----T 20 Error handling Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 09:17:49 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'Uncaught errors will halt execuation of VB code (crash) 'To catch (handle) and error use on of these code techniques 'When an error occurs, VB sets the err object, which has these properties 'these are reset after Exit Sub, Exit Function, Exit Property or Resume Next statements .Clear 'clears the err object .Description 'text description of the error .HelpContext 'context ID for a topic in a Help file. Read/write. .HelpFile 'full path name of Help file .LastDllError 'return value of last DLL call where an error was returned .Number 'number assigned to this error (default property) .Raise 'use in run-time to generate an error for testing error-handling code .Source 'name of object that generated the error 'Enable error trapping this way: On Error GoTo Label ... normal code goes here Label: 'this is where execution branches to when an error occurs ....error-handling code goes here 'To get out of an error-handling routine, use one of these Resume[0] 'repeats the error-causing statement (use when the cause of error has been corrected) Resume Next 'resumes at the statement immediately following the one that caused the error Resume line 'resumes at the specified label (must be in same procedure as the error handler) 'Generally, use Resume[0] when the error gets corrected and Resume Next when it does not 'To disable error trapping use this line of code: On Error Goto 0 'The VB IDE has special tools for debugging/controlling errors 'Breakpoints lines of code there the IDE pauses execution 'Step Into execute next line of code, including when the next line is in a procedure 'StepOver execute next line of code, without stepping into a procedure 'StepOut executes the current procedure and stops at the next line in the calling procedure 'Locals Windows displays the current value of local variables 'Immediate Window run code while application is in break mode 'Watch Window displays value of selected expressions 'Quick Watch list current value of expression while application is in break mode 'Call Stack in break mode, lists all procedures that have been called but not yet run to completion ----E ----H ----E ----T 21 Controls Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 12:12:12 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..As part of its graphical interface, VB allows the programmer to build simple interface objects, such as textboxes, buttons and checklists by simply drawing them with a mouse. The objects are called controls. VB comes with 20 built-in (intrinsic) controls. These 20 are part of the VB run-time files. 01 ADO Data Control acts as interface between database and other databound controls 02 Checkbox status is checked or not checked 03 ComboBox combination of a textbox and a listbox 04 Command Button press a button to execute a block of code 05 DirListBox DirList/DriveList/FileList work together to naviate folder structure of Windows 06 DriveListBox DirList/DriveList/FileList work together to naviate folder structure of Windows 07 FileListBox DirList/DriveList/FileList work together to naviate folder structure of Windows 08 Frame Container for holding other controls 09 Horizontal Scroll Bar slider for adjusting values 10 Image displays a picture 11 Label displays text, edit in code only 12 Line simple graphics control to display a line of various formats 13 ListBox vertical list of text strings, each accessible by code 14 OLE Container can use to add objects from other applications, such as an Excel worksheet 15 Option Button only 1 of a group may be selected at a time 16 Picturebox displays a picture, text/graphics can be drawn on it, 17 Shape simple graphics control to display basic shapes (square, circle) 18 Textbox basic text entry, can be multiline, text can be highlighted 19 Timer creates an event over a user-defined interval 20 Vertical Scroll Bar slider for adjusting values ----E ----H ----E ----T 22 Objects Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 11:55:50 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'Objects are a combination of code and data which you can treat as a single item. 'The controls VB allows you to draw on a form are objects, are as the forms themselves. 'Properties, Methods, and Events 'All objects share a common way of accessing the data and code that we've said make up an object. 'The data inside an object is known as the properties of the object. In familiar terms, it corresponds 'to the values of variables which are stored inside the object. For example, all objects have names. 'The name is one of the properties of the object and the way that you access a property in code is as follows: MyString = ObjectName.Name 'All properties of objects work exactly the same way, using what is called the "dot" notation. Here are some more examples: h = Form1.height w = listbox1.fontname r = textbox.backcolor g = timer1.interval 'In each of these examples, a variable on the left is assigned the value of the property on the right. 'The format for identifying the property name is also done the same in every case - "objectname.propertyname". 'Typically, whoever creates the object "exposes" properties which you can access. In the VB IDE 'environment you can click on a control and the properties box (press F4) will display all of the property 'names along with possible values for those properties. Object properties are just like variable in that they 'can have a type. They can be integer, string, dates, or any other VB data type. So remember when 'assigning property values to variables that the VB rules for type conversion must be taken into consideration. 'When in the IDE code windows, VB also provides a big help in remembering the properties of an object. 'Once you've typed in the object name and the ".", VB will display a dropdown listbox which give all of the 'available properties. This features is called Intellisense. 'Two other nuances about properties will be of interest. First of all, not all properties of an object 'are "exposed" for use in your VB program. When we get around to creating our own objects in 'code, you'll find that you can choose whether to expose a property for use in code, or whether 'to keep it hidden within the object (so as not to allow its value to get changed). 'COM & Exposed Objects 'One of the key features about objects is that they can be made available outside of an application for 'use by other programmers. Making an object available for use is known as "exposing" the object. 'Many of the major applications such as Word or Excel expose objects for your use. Microsoft has 'established a standard known as COM (Common Object Model) which guides programmers through 'the techniques of exposing objects from within their applications. 'Exposed objects cannot, however, be distributed with your application. If you plan to create an 'application which uses exposed objects from a second application, then your user must have 'that second application installed on his PC. This is not a trivial problem. Unless you have some 'control over the user's environment you'll find it best to distribute stand-alone applications - ones 'which do not assume that any particular software is resident on your user's PCs. 'All controls, whether in the form of ActiveX Controls (.OCX files) or in the form of exposed objects, 'must be registered with Windows (as part of the Registry) before your VB program can use the 'object. In the VB IDE you can call up the Components Dialog Box which will list all of the objects '(ActiveX files or exposed objects) thtat are available for your use. If you select one of the objects 'for use, the object will appear on your VB IDE toolbox and can then be used just like any of the 'intrinsic controls that you have already used. 'There is a utility called regsvr32.exe that comes with Windows which you will find very useful. 'Regsvr32 allows you to manually register an OCX in the registry. The need to do this manually 'can arise for a variety of reasons, but mostly because an installation program failed to automatically 'make the registration. The code to register an OCX file is: regsvr32 filename.ocx 'You can do this from a DOS command line or through the Start/Run menu option. 'Classes 'We're just about to get into the How of creating objects, but one more topic needs discussion 'first. Before an object can be created, an object template must first be created. Once that 'template is created a copy can be created. It's the copy with which you will work in your VB programs. 'In VB terminology, the template is called a class and the copies of the template are called 'instances. In the registration process that we just discussed, it is the template, or class, of an 'object that gets registered with Windows. 'Object Browser 'VB provides a tool with which you can browse all registered objects, including the properties 'and methods which they expose. The Object Browser window can be displayed by pressing 'F2 within the VB IDE. One advantage of the Object Browser over the properites window is 'that the browser can show both properties and methods of the registered classes. Additionally, 'the browser shows all registered objects, including the objects exposed by applications that 'you have installed on your PC. It's the poor man's documentation of all usable classes on your PC! 'Creating Objects - References, Class Modules, & Collections 'You can create objects at both design time and run time. Controls, forms, and class modules 'are examples of objects which you can create at design time (within the VB IDE). You can also 'create controls and form objects at run time, as well as creating variable objects and collections 'at run time. We'll cover these topics next in the tutorial. 'References 'It is possible use the DIM function to create a variable whose type is that of any registered 'class. To do so, use this code: Dim X as ListBox 'Variables which have been defined as an object type are useful because they can be made 'to refer to an existing object. For example, this code, when used with the line of code just given, 'associates X with the ListBox1 control. Set X = ListBox1 'Notice the use of the Set statement? To establish a variable reference to an object, you 'cannot simply use the equal sign. You must use the SET statement. 'There are several reasons why you should be interested in creating a second reference to a control. 'First of all, once the variable is set to reference the control, all of the control's properties 'and methods and be accessed as follows: X.name is the same as ListBox1.name 'If nothing else, using variables rather than the full name of the control can save you some 'typing as you write your code. ----E ----H ----E ----T 23 Database programming Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-22 16:24:46 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C .. With over half of all VB programs involved in database management of some kind, you have to feel obligated to understand VB's capabilities in that area. Databases can come in various formats - Access, text files, Excel files, custom binary formats. Usually, however, when one speaks of databases the reference is to information stored in the Access data format - files that end in .mdb. With VB you can create database objects using code or you can utilize one of several databbound controls which can greatly simplify your access to the contents of a database. The penalty you pay for using databases in your program is a tremendous growth in the program size - a minimum of 5MBytes for just putting a single control on your form. Also, database operations in VB can be noticeably slow. Finally, unlike a simple text database, Access database files cannot be edited directly. These penalties have to be traded off against the simplicity with which VB allows you to access/edit database content. Controls Database access in VB begins with the data control. Set the file and table properties and all you have to do is to bind fields to other controls for display or edit. Of VB's intrinsic controls, the following can be bound to the datacontrol, automatically showing one of more fields in a database table. - textbox - label As far as basic terminology goes, databases contain tables, which are collections of data arranged in rows and columns. Rows are called records and columns are called fields. Databases can also contain queries, table relationships, validation criteria and more. A Recordset is simple a group of records from a database. Usually, a recordset is thought of as a subset of all records in a tables, although as we will see, records can also be made up of data from more than one table. Records in a recordset are in no particular order unless a user takes an action to put them in an order. Also, a recordset is a temporary copy of information from the databset. Once created, or edited, it must be saved into the database to be permanent. Actually, there are 5 types of recordsets which VB can create from a database, having to do with where the data can come from, how you can navigate through the records, and whether you can edit the data in the recordset. Learning which recordset to use in a particular application requires an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of each. - Table-type Recordset Basically a complete table from a database. You can use to add, change, or delete records. - Dynaset-type Recordset The result of an SQL query that can have updatable records. You can use to add, change, or delete records. It can contain fields from one or more tables in a database. Provides worse performance than a Table-type recordset. - Snapshot-type Recordset A read-only set of records that you can use to find data or generate reports. Can contain fields from one or more tables in a database but can't be updated. Uses a minimum of resources and provides fast performance. - Forward-only-type Recordset Identical to a snapshot except that no cursor is provided. You can only scroll forward through records. This improves performance in situations where you only need to make a single pass through a recordset. - Dynamic-type Recordset A query result set from one or more base tables in which you can add, change, or delete records from a row-returning query. Further, records other users add, delete, or edit in the base tables also appear in your Recordset. While they all have their place, it's my experience that the first three are the most useful. ADO (ActiveX Data Objects) is the current technology which Microsoft offers to access databases. It was preceded by DAO and RDO. VB Data Controls The concept of a data control is pretty simple. You set the .DataBaseName property to tell the data control which database file to read. Then you set a .RecordSource property to tell it which table within the file to make available as a recordset to other controls. As I've mentioned earlier, you can also create recordsets which are combinations of one or more tables by setting the .RecordSource property to an SQL statement. Then, for data-aware controls such as a textbox, set the .DataSource property to the data control and the .DataField property to the specific field within the table/recordset that you want bound to the control. At that point the bound controls will display the information from the chosen field of the recordset. Edits made to the data can be saved by either using the data control to move to a new record or by executing the .Refresh method of the data control. There are two data controls provided by VB - Data control (intrinsic version) This is the original, intrinsic version of the control. It supports the JET database engine and can satisfy most beginners' needs. - ADO Data control (ActiveX control) This is the latest version of the data control, implemented as an ActiveX control. Data Bound Controls There are 7 intrinsic controls and 16 ActiveX controls which recognize databases. ComboBox Here are the three versions that are available with VB, and some comments on how to decide which one to use. * ComboBox This is the original, intrinsic, version of the control. Use it whenever possible to keep down the size of your application. * DataComboBox This is Microsoft's most recent rendition of a combo control. * DBCombo Left over from VB5, you can forego using this one in favor of the newer DataCombo control. List Here are the three versions that are available with VB, and some comments on how to decide which one to use. * ListBox This is the original, intrinsic, version of the control. * DataList This is Microsoft's most recent rendition of a list control. * DBList Left over from VB5, you can forego using this one in favor of the newer DataList control. Grid There are actually four versions of a grid control that come with VB, but only three of them can be databound. Here are the three versions and some comments on how to decide which one to use. * DBGrid The olders version that came with VB5. You'll have to find it on the VB CDROM because it doesn't get automatically installed. * FlexGrid Also a VB5 version of the grid control. It does not support editing of the bound data. * Heirarchical FlexGrid Newest version of the VB5 FlexGrid and still does not support editing of the bound data. Other Data-Aware Controls These intrinsic controls can also be bound to fields in a recordset: - checkbox - combobox - image control - label - listbox - picturebox - textbox These ActiveX controls are also data-aware 00 ADO Data control 01 DataComboBox 02 DataGrid 03 DataList 04 DataRepeater 05 DateTimePicker 06 DBCombo 07 DBGrid 08 DBList 09 ImageCombo 10 MaskedEdit 11 MonthView 12 MSChart 13 MSHFlexGrid 14 MSFlexGrid 16 RichTextBox ----E ----H ----E ----T 24 SQL Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 11:55:01 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..SQL - Structured Query Language SQL is an industry standard language for querying a database - with the purpose to either retreive data or to modify the data in the database. SQL is intended to provide a plain-English method of accessing a database and to avoid the need for custom programming. An SQL query is a text string which tells VB what to include in a recordset or what actions to take against the data in a recordset. Using SQL really does simplify the code you have to write in an application that utilizes databases. You can even write SQL queries which will modify many records in a single operation. Once I understood the basics, the use of SQL hit me like a revelation. It's easily one of the top 5 features of VB's database handling capabilities! Sample SQL Queries "Select * From Title Where [Year Published] < 1889" "Delete From Titles Where [Year Published] < #1/1/1889#" "Select Name, Picture From Authors Where Date_of_Birth = #2/1/1947#" "Select * From Employees" "Select [First Name], [Last Name] From Employees" "Select Employees, Department, SupvName From Supervisors, Employees Where Employees.Department = Supervisorts.Department" "Select Distinct [Last Name] From Employees" "Select [Last Name], Salary From Employees Where Salary > 2100" "Select * From Orders Where [Shipped Date] = #5/12/93#" "Select [Product Name], Sum ([Units in Stock]) From Products Group By [Product Name]" "Select * From Employees Order By [Last Name], Asc" "Select [Last Name], [First Name] From Employees Order by 2 Asc" "Select [Last Name], Salary From Employees Order By Salary, Desc, [Last Name] Three things to note about the examples: - "*" is used to denote all fields - Dates are enclosed by pound signs, like this: "#2/1/1947#" - Fields with multi-part names which include spaces are enclosed in brackets: [ ] To use SQL queries, set the RecordSource property of a data control to an SQL statement such as those above and refresh the control like this: Data3.RecordSource = "SELECT * FROM Agency ORDER BY [City]" Data3.Refresh Just make sure that any references to fields match those contained in the actual database. Doing so will create a recordset whose content will match the constraints described by the SQL statement. First of all, there are 5 parts to an SQL statement which you should recognize: Command Clauses Predicates Operators Aggregate Functions Create From Distinct AND Avg Drop Where Top OR Count Alter Group By NOT Sum Select Having Between Max Insert Order By Like Min Update In Delete With a little inspection you can pretty much guess what each of these pieces of an SQL statement can do. However, here are a couple which you'll not want to miss and which I use pretty regularly. Don't miss the last one in my list, which is a very easy way to sort a recordset! Select This is the most basic command which tells VB which fields to show in the recordset. Delete Simple, but very powerful means of deleting many records at one time. From Defines the Table from which the fields will be extracted. Where Precedes the conditions by which records are selected from the database Order By Sorts the records by any combination of fields you chose. ----E ----H ----E ----T 25 Limitations Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 11:47:27 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C ..VB has some specific limitations to keep in mind as code is written Variable names 255 characters Control names 40 characters Controls per form 254 names (control array counts as one name) Control array index 32,767 Nested controls 25 levels Listbox elements 32K items, 1024 bytes max per item Textbox 64K characters Code per form 65,534 lines (applies to class and standard modules as well) Code per procedure 64K lines DLL declarations per module 1500 UDT variable size 64K ----E ----H ----E ----T 26 Summary of functions Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 11:26:11 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'Functions available within VB can be broadly broken into the following categories: 'Strings Files Folders Declarations 'Date/Time Registry Misc Arrays 'Math/Logic Error Handling Flow Control 'Strings Left Mid String Right Chr InstrRev Trim Len Asc LTrim LSet Space RTrim RSet Replace UCase Format StrComp LCase Instr StrReverse FormatCurrency StrConv FormatDateTime FormatNumber FormatPerCent 'Files / Folders Dir FileDateTime FreeFile Get Line Input ChDir FileLen Open Put Write MkDir FileCopy Close Seek Print ChDrive Lock Reset Input Spc CurDir UnLock Lof Loc Tab Name GetAttr Eof Kill SetAttr Width RmDir FileAttr 'Declarations Sub Call Set Function CallByName Let Dim PropertyGet Event ReDim PropertySet ArrayName Static PropertyLet Implements Public Option Explicit Friend Private Option Private Enum Const Option Compare TypeName Declare Type...End Type VarType Is GetObject DefType. CreateObject GetAutoServerSettings 'Date/Time Date MonthName Time WeekDayName Now Day Timer Hour DateAdd Minute DateDiff Second DateSerial TimeSerial DateValue TimeValue Year WeekDay Month 'Registry GetSetting SaveSetting DeleteSetting GetAllSettings 'Miscellaneous MsgBox Beep Load DoEvents InputBox UnLoad Shell AddressOf SavePicture Command RaiseEvent LoadPicture Environ Load LoadResData RGB Me LoadResString QBColor SendKeys AppActivate 'Arrays Option Base Erase Dim ReDim UBound LBound Filter Array 'Math/Logic ------------------------------------------------------------------ Hex Rnd Sqr Mod Oct Sgn Abs And Val Sin Atn Or Round Cos Log Xor Int Tan Not Fix Randomize Eqv Partition Like Round Imp CInt... Is Format FormatNumber FormatPerCent 'Error Handling On Error Resume Resume Next Resume Line 'Flow Control While (cond) ... Wend Do While|Until (cond) ... Loop While|Until (cond) For Each X in Collection|Array ... Next X For i = 1 to j Step k ... Next i If (expression) Then ... End if Select Case (expression) Case (cond) Case (cond) End Select ----E ----H ----E ----T 27 Windows API access Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 13:15:01 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C 'API - Application Programming Interface 'When Microsoft wrote Windows they put a huge amount of code into procedure libraries 'which programmers can access. No matter which language you're using (VB, C++, ...) you 'can use these files (called the Windows Application Programming Interface, or API) to access the pre-written code to expand the power of your application. 'Windows has hundreds of files you can access, but the three most often used files are: '- user32.dll controls the visible objects that you see on the screen '- gdi32 home of most graphics oriented API '- kernel32.dll provides access to low level operating system features 'Using procedures from other files is almost exactly the same as using procedures from within 'your own program. The one big difference is that you must tell your application which file the 'procedure is contained in. You must do this for each external procedure you plan to use. 'Telling VB about the procedure you want to use is known as "declaring" the procedure and 'the code to declare a procedure is as follows: Declare Function ExitWindowsEx Lib "user32" (ByVal uFlags as Long, ByVal dwReserved as Long) as Long 'Let's take apart the declaration statement: - Declare 'This is reserved word that VB uses to begin a declaration. There is no alternative - you have to use it. - Function 'Also a reserved word, but in this case it distinguishes between a SUB procedured and a FUNCTION 'procedure. The API use Function procedures so that they can return a value to indicate the results 'of the action. Although you can discard the returned value, it's also possible to check the return value 'to determine that the action was successfully completed. completed. alternative - you have to use it. -ExitWindowsEx 'Inside each DLL is a list of the procedures that it contains. Normally, in a VB declaration statement you 'simply type in the name of the procedure just as it is named in the DLL. Sometimes, the DLL true name 'of the procedure may be a name that is illegal in VB. For those cases, VB allows you to put in the text 'string "Alias NewProcedurename" right behind the filename. In this example, VB would make a call to 'the procedure by using the name "NewProcedureName". - Lib 'user32' 'Here's where you tell VB which file the procedure is in. Normally you would put "user32.dll", showing the 'extension of the procedure library. For the special case of the three Windows system DLLs listed above, 'the API will recognize the files when simply named "user32", "kernel32", and "gdi32" - without the DLL 'extensions shown. In most other cases you must give the complete file name. Unless the file is in the 'system PATH, you must also give the complete path to the file. -(ByVal uFlags as Long ...) 'Exactly like VB procedures, Windows API functions can have a list of arguments. However, while your 'VB procedures often use arguments passed by reference (i.e., their values can be changed), most 'Windows API require that the arguments be passed by value (i.e, a copy of the argument is passed 'to the DLL and the originial variable cannot be changed). 'Also, you'll note that a constant or variable is normally used as the argument for an API call. It's 'technically acceptable to simply use a number for an argument but it is common practice among 'experienced programmers to create constants (or variables) whose name is easy to remember and 'then to use those in the argument list. When you're reading or debugging your code later, the use 'of these easy to read constant/variable names makes it much easier to figure out what went wrong! - as Long 'This is exactly like the code you use to create your own functions. Windows API are functions which 'return values and you must define what type of variable is returned. 'Concerns 'Because the API code executes outside the VB program itself, your own program is susceptable to error ' in the external procedure. If the external procedure crashes, then your own program will crash as well. It 'is not un-common for an API problem to freeze your system and force a reboot - casuing loss of data and/or code. 'Here are several issues/comments about using API which you will want to be aware of: 'Declare '- DECLARE in standard module are PUBLIC by default and be used anywhere in your app '- DECLARE in any other module are PRIVATE to that module and MUST BE marked PRIVATE '- Procedure names for API are CASE-SENSITIVE 'ALIAS '- Is the "real" name of the procedure as found in the DLL '- If the API uses string, you MUST use ALIAS with "A" to specify the correct character set (A=ANSI W=UNICODE) '- WinNT supports W, but Win95/Win98 do not '- Some DLLs have illegal VB names, so you must use ALIAS to rename the procedure '- Can also be the ordinal number of the procedure 'Variable Type '- Very few DLLs recognize VARIANT '- ByRef is VB default '- Most DLLs expect ByVal '- In C documentation, C passes all arguments except arrays by value '- AS ANY can be used but it turns off all type checking 'Strings '- API generally require fixed length strings '- Pass string ByVal means passing pointer to first data byte in the string '- Pass string ByRef means passing memory address to another memory addresss which refers to first data byte in the string '- Most DLLs expect LPSTR (ASCIIZ) strings (end in a null character), which point to the first data byte '- VB Strings should be passed ByVal (in general) '- VB uses BSTR strings (header + data bytes) - BSTR is passed as a pointer to the header '- DLL can modify data in a string variable that it receives as an argument - WARNING: if returned value is longer than passed value, system error occurs! '- Generally, API do not expect string buffers longer than 255 characters '- C & VB both treat a string array as an array of pointers to string data '- Most API require you to pass the length of the string and to fill the string wih spaces 'Arrays '- Pass entire array by passing the first element of the array ByRef '- Pass individual elements of array just like any other variable '- If pass pass binary data to DLL, use array of Byte characters 'Passing a null value '- To pass a null value - zero-length string ("") will not work '- To pass a null value - use vbNullString '- To pass a null value - change Type to Long and then use 0& 'Window Handle '- A handle is simply a number assigned by Windows to each window '- In VB, the handle is the same as the property hWnd '- Handles are always Long variable types 'Callbacks '- Some API can run one of you own VB functions. Your VB function is called a "Callback" '- Callback functions must be in a module. They cannot be in a form. '- Use AddressOf to pass a user-defined function that the DLL procedure can use '- Must have specific set of arguments, AS DEFINED by the API procedure '- Passed procedure must be As Any or As Long 'Subclassing '- All windows work by processing messages from the Windows operating system '- You can change how a window responds to a message by intercepting the message '- To intercept a message, use the API SetWindowsLong 'Miscellaneous '- Control properties MUST be passed by value (use intermediate value to pass ByRef) '- Handles - always declare as ByVal Long '- Variant - to pass Variant to argument that is not a Variant type, pass the Variant data ByVal '- UDT - cannot be passed except as ByRef ----E ----H ----E ----T 28 ASCII Table Visual Basic _tutorials 2005-02-21 11:26:26 ----O 0 0 0 ----E ----D ----E ----C .. 0-9 48-57 A-Z 65-98 a-z 97-122 Tab 9 Tab LF 10 Line feed CR 13 carriage Return Space 32 Space ! 33 exclamation " 34 Double quote # 35 pound sign $ 36 dollar sign % 37 percent sign & 38 ambersand ' 39 Single quote ( 40 Left parenthesis ) 41 Right parenthesiis * 42 asterisk + 43 plus sign , 44 comma - 45 minus sign . 46 period / 47 forward slash : 58 colon ; 59 semi-colon < 60 less than = 61 equal sign > 62 greater than ? 63 question @ 64 at sign { 123 Left curly bracket | 124 pipe } 125 Right curly bracket ~ 126 tilde Codes 0-127 Code Char Code Char Code Char Code Char 0 32 64 @ 96 ` 1 33 ! 65 A 97 a 2 34 " 66 B 98 b 3 35 # 67 C 99 c 4 36 $ 68 D 100 d 5 37 % 69 E 101 e 6 38 & 70 F 102 f 7 39 ' 71 G 103 g 8 40 ( 72 H 104 h 9 41 ) 73 I 105 i 10 42 * 74 J 106 j 11 43 + 75 K 107 k 12 44 , 76 L 108 l 13 45 - 77 M 109 m 14 46 . 78 N 110 n 15 47 / 79 O 111 o 16 48 0 80 P 112 p 17 49 1 81 Q 113 q 18 50 2 82 R 114 r 19 51 3 83 S 115 s 20 52 4 84 T 116 t 21 53 5 85 U 117 u 22 54 6 86 V 118 v 23 55 7 87 W 119 w 24 56 8 88 X 120 x 25 57 9 89 Y 121 y 26 <> 58 : 90 Z 122 z 27 _{59 ; 91 [ 123 {
28 60 < 92 \ 124 |
29 61 = 93 ] 125 }
30 62 > 94 ^ 126 ~
31 63 ? 95 _ 127

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29 Collections
Visual Basic
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2005-02-21 11:26:35

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'Collections are objects which can contain many other objects, not necessarily
'of the same type. Limitation - collections cannot contain UDTs.

Dim MyCollection as New Collection

'Collections have these properties/methods:
..Add 'add an item to the collection
.Count 'number of objects in the collection
.Item 'reference to the object in the collection
.Remove 'removes the item from the collection

'members of a collection have an index and a key
Key 'unique string value
Index 'Long integer between 1 and number of items in the collection

'refer to an item in a Collection in these ways:
MyCollection(Key)
MyCollection(Index)
'or
MyCollection.Item(Key)
MyCollection.Item(Index)

'iterate over a collection in two ways:
For i = 1 to MyCollection.Count
'do something with MyCollection(i)
Next i

Dim X as Object
For Each X in MyCollection
... do something with X
Next

'set a reference to an object in a collection this way
Set MyVar = MyCollection.Item(Index)

'to remove an item from a collection
MyCollection.Remove "Name"
MyCollection.Remove 2

'to clear a collection
Set MyCollection = Nothing
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30 Subclassing
Visual Basic
_tutorials

2005-02-21 13:57:35

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'The Windows Operating System (OS) manages the various windows of your applications.
'Each window is given a unique id number (windows handle, also known as hWnd). The
'OS continually monitors these windows for signs of activity or events - such as a mouse
'click or button press. When an event occurs the OS determines which window(s) it affects
'and sends a message to those windows. The windows respond according to the code
'the programmer has included in the project that contains those windows.

'VB either handles the message for you, or it exposes the message to you as an Event
'procedure, which is where you put your code to respond to the event.

'Each window has a message handler - code that will respond to the OS message.
'The message handler is called a WindowProc - short for window procedure.

'When a window is subclassed, you write a new window procedure that is inserted
'between the OS and the original window procedure.

'Your new procedure is responsible for deciding which messages to handle or which
'messages you want to pass on to the default WindowProc.

'Example of a custom WindowProc - put this in a .BAS module!

Public Declare Function CallWindowProc& Lib "user32" Alias "CallWindowProcA" (ByVal lpPrevWndFunc&, ByVal hWnd&, ByVal Msg&, ByVal wParam&, ByVal lParam&)
Public Declare Function SetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "SetWindowLongA" (ByVal hWnd&, ByVal nIndex&, ByVal dwNewLong&) As Long
Const GWL_WNDPROC = -4
Public lpPrevWindowProc as Long

Public Function WindowProc(ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal iMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, ByVal lParam As Long) As Long
'this is the WindowProc that will be used to reply to Windows messages - takes over for the original WindowProc
If iMsg = TargetMessage
'do something of our own
WindowProc = 0&
Exit Function ' exit the function - preventing VB from getting the message - delete this to let both WindowProc run
End If
'pass all other messages on to VB and then return the value to Windows
WindowProc = CallWindowProc(lpPrevWindowProce, hWnd, iMsg, wParam, lParam) 'passes parameters unchanged to original Windows message handler
End Function

'in load event of form, take over control of messages - save pointer to the original WindowProc
lpPrevWindowProc = SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_WNDPROC, AddressOf WindowProc) 'this is a CallBack

'in unload event of form - return control to the original WindowProc
Call SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_WNDPROC, lpPrevWindowProc)

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31 Distribution of applications
Visual Basic
_tutorials

2005-02-21 11:34:22

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..Normally a programmer creates a single setup / distribution
file which the user runs to install the application.

The setup file usually performs the following:
- creates required folder structure
- installs application EXE
- installs applicaton-specific files (data, help, ...)
- create Registry entrites required by the application
- installs the VB runtime files
- installs any OCXs/DLLs that are not a part of the runtime or the system OS

In addition to the EXE file that you create during compilation,
VB requires that some specific files be present on the PC before a
user can use the application.

VB Runtime Files
The intrinsic controls, functions, and other features of VB
are distributed across several files - called the VB runtime files.
These features are NOT included in the compiled EXE.
The VB run-time files must be on a PC before it can run VB
programs.

If a user has previously installed the VB run-time files, the files
do not have to be re-installed. However, the VB programmer
usually has to assume that the files are not available, and include
them in his setup file.

The runtime files are:
msvbvm60.dll
stdole2.tlb
oleaut32.dll
olepro32.dll
comcat.dll
asycflt.dll
ctl3d32.dll

OCXs
Controls placed in an application, such as the RichTextBox or
the Treeview, exist in separate files. They are not part of the VB
run-time files and must be included in the setup file.

Installation Tools
VB comes with it's own Setup Wizard for creating the setup
file, but most folks find the tool to be of limited value. There
are other free tools on the market which do a better job.

I highly recommend Inno Setup at http://www.jrsoftware.org/isinfo.php

I have also use Install Creator and found it to be excellent http://www.clickteam.com

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32 Top 100
Visual Basic
_tutorials

2005-02-27 18:43:12

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..Most used VB code
..Search on 'Top100' to view the full snippets

Applications
Associate an extension with the app
Create a shortcut to your app in any folder
Create desktop shortcut
Dialog - color - using API
Dialog - file - using API
Dialog - folder - using APi
Dialog - font - using API
Open Help file
Put app icon in system tray
Put app in Explorer context menu
Put app in SendTo menu
Start new application and wait for it to finish
Startup with Windows (use wshom)
Test if application is running within IDE
Arrays
Cycle through an array
Randomly shuffle an array
Remove element from array by content
Remove element from array by position
Search an array
Clipboard
Copy image to clipboard
Copy text to clipboard
Controls
All - automatically highlight content on focus
All - capture any key
All - force lower case as keys are entered
ComboBox - create MRU for dropdown list
Imagelist - add images at run time
Richtextbox - find and replace
Richtextbox - first visible line/position of 1st char on the line
Richtextbox - merge contents of two richtextboxes
Richtextbox - prevent flicker of richtextbox during reposition
Richtextbox - word wrap
Toolbar - responding to button selection
TreeView - traverse the tree
Date-Time
Time - elapsed time between 2 dates
Timer - milliseconds between 2 events
Files Binary
Read/write data to a specific location within the file
Read/write entire file at once
View in hex format
Files Text
Read text file all at one time
Read text file one line at a time
View text file content
Files
Create full pathname
Extract file name from full path
File exists
File properties (size/date/attributes)
Folders
Delete a folder and its subfolders
Folder exists
Get list of drive letters
Get type of drive
Open DOS window at folder
Open Window at folder
Open Windows Explorer at folder
Forms
Center a form
Keep form on top
Set min/max size of form
Splitter, horizontal (form-based)
Splitter, horizontal (splitter bar)
Free Controls and Tools
Free programming tools
Graphics
Convert between Long, RGB, VB, and Web colors
Get JPG/GIF/BMP/PNG image size
Get screen resolution
Gradient - apply to a picturebox, 2 colors, 4 directions
Gradient - apply to form, 2 colors, 4 directions
Gradient - full spectrum
Overlay an image
Read/write/display/convert GIF/JPG/BMP
Resize an image, keeping aspect ratio
Screen capture
Set wallpaper
Internet
Check for Internet connection
Create URL shortcut
Create web page (HTML) from code
Download file from the web using API
Download web page (capture as string)
Get remote file information - size, date
Open a web page in default browser
Send email using default app
Upload file (Freeware EZ-FTP)
Upload file (Internet Transfer Control)
Math
Random integer within range
Round to 2 decimals
Round to n decimals
Multimedia
Play CD (MM control)
Play sound (API only)
Play sound (MM control)
Play video (MM control)
Record sound (MM control)
Navigation
List files and folders - API (pattern)
List files and folders - Dir$ (pattern)
List files and folders - FSO
List files and folders - SysFileControls
Printing
Color printing
Print images, positioned and scaled
Print preview
Registry
Clear application settings from registry
Edit registry key
Use registry to save program settings
Security
Checksum
Encrypt a file (uses password)
Encrypt a string (uses password)
Sort
QuickSort
Strings
Convert Byte array to string
Find text before/between/after two target strings
Find/replace
Split string into array
System
Get computer name
Get name of special folders
Get user name
Get Windows and System directories
Get Windows version
Reboot, restart or logoff system
Reboot, restart or logoff system (XP only)
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Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:01:12

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Option Explicit

Private Const HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT = &H80000000

Private Declare Function RegCreateKey Lib _
"advapi32.dll" Alias "RegCreateKeyA" _
(ByVal hKey As Long, ByVal lpSubKey As _
String, phkResult As Long) As Long

Private Declare Function RegCloseKey Lib _
"advapi32.dll" (ByVal hKey As Long) As Long

Private Declare Function RegSetValueEx Lib _
"advapi32.dll" Alias "RegSetValueExA" _
(ByVal hKey As Long, ByVal _
lpValueName As String, ByVal _
Reserved As Long, ByVal dwType _
As Long, lpData As Any, ByVal _
cbData As Long) As Long

Private Const REG_SZ = 1

Public Function CreateFileAssociation(AppName As String, _
ByVal AppExtension As String, AppCommand As String) As Boolean

'Parameters:
'AppName = name of application
'AppExtension: = file extension

'AppCommand = command line for application
'Example:
'CreateFileAssociation "Notepad", ".txt", "notepad.exe"

Dim bAns As Boolean
Dim sKeyName As String
Dim sExtName As String
AppExtension = Trim(AppExtension)
If Left(AppExtension, 1) <> "." Then Exit Function
sExtName = Mid(AppExtension, 2) & " File"

bAns = WriteStringToRegistry(HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, _
AppExtension, "", sExtName)

If bAns Then bAns = WriteStringToRegistry(HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, _
sExtName & "\shell\open\command", "", AppCommand)

CreateFileAssociation = bAns
End Function

Private Function WriteStringToRegistry(hKey As _
Long, strPath As String, strValue As String, _
strdata As String) As Boolean

Dim bAns As Boolean

On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Dim keyhand As Long
Dim r As Long
r = RegCreateKey(hKey, strPath, keyhand)
If r = 0 Then
r = RegSetValueEx(keyhand, strValue, 0, _
REG_SZ, ByVal strdata, Len(strdata))
r = RegCloseKey(keyhand)
End If

WriteStringToRegistry = (r = 0)

Exit Function

ErrorHandler:
WriteStringToRegistry = False
Exit Function

End Function

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Check regional settings
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-16 15:30:20

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function CheckRegionalSettings() As Boolean

Dim i As Integer
Dim temp1 As String

'check for Regional Setting
ChDir App.Path
Open "temp.txt" For Output As #1
Dim s As Single
s = 12.23
Print #1, s
Close #1
Open "temp.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, temp1
Close #1
i = InStr(temp1, ",")
If i <> 0 Then
CheckRegionalSettings = True
Else
CheckRegionalSettings = False
End If
end function
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Close a second app with SENDKEYS
Visual Basic
applications

2005-01-09 00:27:13

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'use SENDKEYS to Alt-F4 to end an application
'SecondAppTitle refers to what the application has in its Title bar
AppActivate SecondAppTitle
SendKeys "%(F4)", True
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Create a shortcut to your app in any folder
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:01:52

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'need reference In your program to Windows Script Host Object Model wshom.ocx
'
Dim WS As WshShell
Dim oShellLink As WshShortcut

Set WS = New WshShell
Set oShellLink = WS.CreateShortcut("C:\myapplication.lnk") 'all shortcuts end In .LNK
oShellLink.IconLocation = "C:\myapplication.ico" 'use for icon not In EXE file
oShellLink.Description = "My Installation"
oShellLink.WorkingDirectory = "c:\temp" 'your choice
oShellLink.TargetPath = "C:\" 'most likely this: App.Path & "\" & App.EXEName
oShellLink.Save
Set WS = Nothing
Set oShellLink = Nothing

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Create desktop shortcut
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-06 19:32:17

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'reference to Windows Script Host Object Model is required

'this version goes to a folder of your choice
Dim wShell As New IWshShell_Class
Dim wShortcut As IWshShortcut_Class
Set wShortcut = wShell.CreateShortcut("d:\test.lnk")
wShortcut.TargetPath = "d:\test.txt"
wShortcut.Save

'and this version goes to the desktop
Dim wShell As New IWshShell_Class
Dim wShortcut As IWshShortcut_Class

Dim sDesktop as string ' path of desktop
Dim sTargetPath as string ' path to file for which a link is to be created

sDesktop = wShell.SpecialFolders.Item("Desktop")
sTargetPath = wShell.ExpandEnvironmentStrings("%windir%")

Set wShortcut = wShell.CreateShortcut(sDesktop & "filename.lnk")

wShortcut.TargetPath = sTargetPath & "\filename.exe"
wShortcut.Arguments = ""
wShortCut.WorkingDirectory = sDesktop
wShortCut.Save

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Dialog - color - using API
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-02 23:26:02

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'API dialogs for file selections and color selections
Private Type CHOOSECOLOR
lStructSize As Long
hwndOwner As Long
hInstance As Long
rgbResult As Long
lpCustColors As String
Flags As Long
lCustData As Long
lpfnHook As Long
lpTemplateName As String
End Type

Private Declare Function ChooseColorAPI Lib "comdlg32.dll" Alias _
"ChooseColorA" (pChoosecolor As CHOOSECOLOR) As Long

Sub SelectColor()
Dim CustomColors() As Byte
Dim cc As CHOOSECOLOR
Dim Custcolor(16) As Long
Dim iReturn As Long
cc.lStructSize = Len(cc)
cc.hwndOwner = frmMain.hwnd
cc.hInstance = 0
cc.lpCustColors = StrConv(CustomColors, vbUnicode)
cc.Flags = 0
iReturn = ChooseColorAPI(cc)
If iReturn <> 0 Then
lblBackgroundColor.BackColor = cc.rgbResult
End If
End Sub

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Dialog - file - using API
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-03 11:33:47

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Private Declare Function GetOpenFileName Lib "comdlg32.dll" Alias "GetOpenFileNameA" (pOpenfilename As OPENFILENAME) As Long

Private Type OPENFILENAME
lStructSize As Long
hwndOwner As Long
hInstance As Long
lpstrFilter As String
lpstrCustomFilter As String
nMaxCustFilter As Long
nFilterIndex As Long
lpstrFile As String
nMaxFile As Long
lpstrFileTitle As String
nMaxFileTitle As Long
lpstrInitialDir As String
lpstrTitle As String
Flags As Long
nFileOffset As Integer
nFileExtension As Integer
lpstrDefExt As String
lCustData As Long
lpfnHook As Long
lpTemplateName As String
End Type

Sub SelectFile()
Dim OpenFile As OPENFILENAME
Dim lReturn As Long
Dim sFilter As String
Dim BackImage As String

OpenFile.lStructSize = Len(OpenFile)
OpenFile.hwndOwner = frmMain.hwnd
OpenFile.hInstance = App.hInstance
sFilter = "Image Files (*.jpg)" & Chr(0) & "*.jpg" & Chr(0)
OpenFile.lpstrFilter = sFilter
OpenFile.nFilterIndex = 1
OpenFile.lpstrFile = String(257, 0)
OpenFile.nMaxFile = Len(OpenFile.lpstrFile) - 1
OpenFile.lpstrFileTitle = OpenFile.lpstrFile
OpenFile.nMaxFileTitle = OpenFile.nMaxFile
OpenFile.lpstrInitialDir = App.path '"C:\"
OpenFile.lpstrTitle = "Select Background (Tile) Image File"
OpenFile.Flags = 0
lReturn = GetOpenFileName(OpenFile)
If lReturn = 0 Then
'no action
Else
txtTemp.Text = OpenFile.lpstrFile
txtTemp.Text = Mid$(txtTemp.Text, InStrRev(txtTemp.Text, "\") + 1)
End If
End Sub
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Dialog - folder - using APi
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-03 11:29:43

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Private Type BROWSEINFO
hOwner As Long
pidlRoot As Long
pszDisplayName As String
lpszTitle As String
ulFlags As Long
lpfn As Long
lParam As Long
iImage As Long
End Type

Private Const BIF_RETURNONLYFSDIRS = &H1
Private Const BIF_DONTGOBELOWDOMAIN = &H2
Private Const BIF_STATUSTEXT = &H4
Private Const BIF_RETURNFSANCESTORS = &H8
Private Const BIF_BROWSEFORCOMPUTER = &H1000
Private Const BIF_BROWSEFORPRINTER = &H2000
Private Const MAX_PATH = 260

Private Declare Function SHGetPathFromIDList Lib "shell32" _
Alias "SHGetPathFromIDListA" _
(ByVal pidl As Long, _
ByVal pszPath As String) As Long

Private Declare Function SHBrowseForFolder Lib "shell32" _
Alias "SHBrowseForFolderA" _
(lpBrowseInfo As BROWSEINFO) As Long

Private Declare Sub CoTaskMemFree Lib "ole32" _
(ByVal pv As Long)

Private Sub SelectFolder()
Dim bi As BROWSEINFO
Dim pidl As Long
Dim path As String
Dim pos As Long
With bi
.hOwner = Me.hwnd
.pidlRoot = 0&
.lpszTitle = "Select image folder"
.ulFlags = BIF_RETURNONLYFSDIRS
End With
pidl = SHBrowseForFolder(bi)
path = Space$(MAX_PATH)
If SHGetPathFromIDList(ByVal pidl, ByVal path) Then
pos = InStr(path, Chr$(0))
txtFolder.Text = LCase$(Left(path, pos - 1))
End If
Call CoTaskMemFree(pidl)
End Sub

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Dialog - font - using API
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-06 21:42:49

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Private Const LF_FACESIZE = 32
Private Type LOGFONT
lfHeight As Long
lfWidth As Long
lfEscapement As Long
lfOrientation As Long
lfWeight As Long
lfItalic As Byte
lfUnderline As Byte
lfStrikeOut As Byte
lfCharSet As Byte
lfOutPrecision As Byte
lfClipPrecision As Byte
lfQuality As Byte
lfPitchAndFamily As Byte
lfFaceName(LF_FACESIZE) As Byte
End Type
Private Type ChooseFont
lStructSize As Long
hwndOwner As Long ' caller's window handle
hdc As Long ' printer DC/IC or NULL
lpLogFont As Long ' LOGFONT ' ptr. to a LOGFONT struct
iPointSize As Long ' 10 * size in points of selected font
flags As Long ' enum. type flags
rgbColors As Long ' returned text color
lCustData As Long ' data passed to hook fn.
lpfnHook As Long ' ptr. to hook function
lpTemplateName As String ' custom template name
hInstance As Long ' instance handle of.EXE that
' contains cust. dlg. template
lpszStyle As String ' return the style field here
' must be LF_FACESIZE or bigger
nFontType As Integer ' same value reported to the EnumFonts
' call back with the extra FONTTYPE_
' bits added
MISSING_ALIGNMENT As Integer
nSizeMin As Long ' minimum pt size allowed &
nSizeMax As Long ' max pt size allowed if
' CF_LIMITSIZE is used
End Type
Private Declare Function ChooseFont Lib "comdlg32.dll" Alias "ChooseFontA" (pChoosefont As ChooseFont) As Long
Private Declare Sub CopyMemory Lib "kernel32" Alias "RtlMoveMemory" (hpvDest As Any, hpvSource As Any, ByVal cbCopy As Long)
Private Declare Function GlobalAlloc Lib "kernel32" (ByVal wFlags As Long, ByVal dwBytes As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function GlobalFree Lib "kernel32" (ByVal hMem As Long) As Long

Private Const GMEM_FIXED = &H0
Private Const GMEM_ZEROINIT = &H40
Private Const GPTR = (GMEM_FIXED Or GMEM_ZEROINIT)
Private Const CF_SCREENFONTS = &H1
Private Const CF_PRINTERFONTS = &H2
Private Const CF_BOTH = (CF_SCREENFONTS Or CF_PRINTERFONTS)
Private Const CF_SHOWHELP = &H4&
Private Const CF_ENABLEHOOK = &H8&
Private Const CF_ENABLETEMPLATE = &H10&
Private Const CF_ENABLETEMPLATEHANDLE = &H20&
Private Const CF_INITTOLOGFONTSTRUCT = &H40&
Private Const CF_USESTYLE = &H80&
Private Const CF_EFFECTS = &H100&
Private Const CF_APPLY = &H200&
Private Const CF_ANSIONLY = &H400&
Private Const CF_SCRIPTSONLY = CF_ANSIONLY
Private Const CF_NOVECTORFONTS = &H800&
Private Const CF_NOOEMFONTS = CF_NOVECTORFONTS
Private Const CF_NOSIMULATIONS = &H1000&
Private Const CF_LIMITSIZE = &H2000&
Private Const CF_FIXEDPITCHONLY = &H4000&
Private Const CF_WYSIWYG = &H8000 ' must also have CF_SCREENFONTS CF_PRINTERFONTS
Private Const CF_FORCEFONTEXIST = &H10000
Private Const CF_SCALABLEONLY = &H20000
Private Const CF_TTONLY = &H40000
Private Const CF_NOFACESEL = &H80000
Private Const CF_NOSTYLESEL = &H100000
Private Const CF_NOSIZESEL = &H200000
Private Const CF_SELECTSCRIPT = &H400000
Private Const CF_NOSCRIPTSEL = &H800000
Private Const CF_NOVERTFONTS = &H1000000

Sub ChooseFont ()
Dim CF As ChooseFont, hMem As Long, LF As LOGFONT, aFontName As String
hMem = GlobalAlloc(GPTR, Len(LF))
CF.hInstance = App.hInstance
CF.hwndOwner = hWnd
CF.lpLogFont = hMem
CF.lStructSize = Len(CF)
CF.flags = CF_BOTH
If ChooseFont(CF) Then
CopyMemory LF, ByVal hMem, Len(LF)
aFontName = Space$(LF_FACESIZE)
CopyMemory ByVal aFontName, LF.lfFaceName(0), LF_FACESIZE
With Picture1.Font
.Name = CString(aFontName)
.Bold = LF.lfWeight
.Italic = LF.lfItalic
.Size = CF.iPointSize / 10
.Underline = LF.lfUnderline
.Charset = LF.lfCharSet
.Strikethrough = LF.lfStrikeOut
End With
Picture1.Cls
Picture1_Paint
End If
GlobalFree hMem

End Sub

Private Function CString(aStr As String) As String
CString = ""
Dim k As Long
k = InStr(aStr, Chr$(0))
If k Then
CString = Left$(aStr, k - 1)
End If
End Function

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Find default application for a file
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-16 15:04:11

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Private Declare Function FindExecutable Lib "shell32.dll" Alias "FindExecutableA" _
(ByVal lpFile As String, ByVal lpDirectory As String, _
ByVal lpResult As String) As Long
Const MAX_PATH = 260

Dim iResult As Long
Dim Buffer As String
Buffer = Space$(MAX_PATH)
iResult = FindExecutable("c:\test.txt", "", Buffer)

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Find prior instance of EXE
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-02 23:27:13

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'VB has a built-in method to detect a prior instance of an application
If App.PrevInstance Then
'there is a copy of the program already running
End If

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Get list of available fonts
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-16 14:58:40

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Private Sub CreateFontList()
' populate a list with system fonts
Dim Cnt As Long
Dim s1 As String
For Cnt = 1 To Screen.FontCount
s1 = Screen.Fonts(Cnt)

If s1 <> "" Then List1.AddItem s1
Next
List1.ListIndex = 0
End Sub
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Limit Size of Window
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-18 11:05:11

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Option Explicit
'A demo project showing how to prevent the user from making a window smaller
'or larger than you want them to, through subclassing the WM_GETMINMAXINFO message.
'by Bryan Stafford of New Vision Software� - newvision@mvps.org
'this demo is released into the Public domain "As Is" without
'warranty Or guaranty of Any kind. In other words, use at
'your own risk.

' See the comments at the end of this Module for a brief explaination of
' what subclassing Is.

Type POINTAPI
X As Long
Y As Long
End Type

' the message we will subclass
Public Const WM_GETMINMAXINFO As Long = &H24&

Type MINMAXINFO
ptReserved As POINTAPI
ptMaxSize As POINTAPI
ptMaxPosition As POINTAPI
ptMinTrackSize As POINTAPI
ptMaxTrackSize As POINTAPI
End Type

' this var will hold a pointer to the original message handler so we MUST
' save it so that it can be restored before we exit the app. If we don't
' restore it.... CRASH!!!!
Public g_nProcOld As Long

' declarations of the API functions used
Public Declare Sub CopyMemory Lib "kernel32" Alias "RtlMoveMemory" (lpDest As Any, lpSource As Any, _
ByVal cBytes&)

Public Declare Function CallWindowProc& Lib "user32" Alias "CallWindowProcA" (ByVal lpPrevWndFunc&, _
ByVal hwnd&, ByVal Msg&, ByVal wParam&, ByVal lParam&)

Public Const GWL_WNDPROC As Long = (-4&)

' API Call To alter the class data for a window
Public Declare Function SetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "SetWindowLongA" (ByVal hwnd&, _
ByVal nIndex&, ByVal dwNewLong&) As Long

'=====================================================================================

Public Function WindowProc(ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal iMsg As Long, _
ByVal wParam As Long, ByVal lParam As Long) As Long

' this Is *our* implimentation of the message handling routine

' determine which message was recieved
Select Case iMsg

Case WM_GETMINMAXINFO
' dimention a variable to hold the structure passed from Windows in lParam
Dim udtMINMAXINFO As MINMAXINFO
Dim nWidthPixels&, nHeightPixels&

nWidthPixels = Screen.Width \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelX
nHeightPixels = Screen.Height \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelY

' copy the struct to our UDT variable
CopyMemory udtMINMAXINFO, ByVal lParam, Len(udtMINMAXINFO)

With udtMINMAXINFO
' Set the width of the form when it's maximized
.ptMaxSize.X = nWidthPixels '- (nWidthPixels \ 4)
' Set the height of the form when it's maximized
.ptMaxSize.Y = nHeightPixels '- (nHeightPixels \ 4)

' Set the left of the form when it's maximized
.ptMaxPosition.X = 0 'nWidthPixels \ 8
' Set the top of the form when it's maximized
.ptMaxPosition.Y = 0 'nHeightPixels \ 8

' Set the max width that the user can drag the form
.ptMaxTrackSize.X = .ptMaxSize.X
' Set the max height that the user can drag the form
.ptMaxTrackSize.Y = .ptMaxSize.Y

' Set the min Width that the user can drag the form
.ptMinTrackSize.X = 5550 \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelX 'nWidthPixels \ 4
' Set the min width that the user can drag the form
.ptMinTrackSize.Y = 4400 \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelY 'nHeightPixels \ 4
End With

' copy our modified struct back to the Windows struct
CopyMemory ByVal lParam, udtMINMAXINFO, Len(udtMINMAXINFO)

' Return zero indicating that we have acted on this message
WindowProc = 0&

' Exit the function without letting VB Get it's grubby little hands on the message
Exit Function

End Select

' pass all messages on to VB and then return the value to Windows
WindowProc = CallWindowProc(g_nProcOld, hwnd, iMsg, wParam, lParam)

End Function

'==================================================
Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer)

' give message processing control back To VB
' If you don't do this you WILL crash!!!
If UseSubClassing Then Call SetWindowLong(hwnd, GWL_WNDPROC, g_nProcOld)

End Sub

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MRU for menus
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-06 10:52:48

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Sub UpdateApplicationMRUList(FileName As String)
'maintain a list of the last n files opened in the program
'recreate menu list each time program is opened

'---------------------------
'put this in the combolist itemclick event
combolist1.additem FileName

'if it already exists in the list, then remove it
Dim i As Long, Found As Boolean, n as Long
n = 5

For i = 2 To n
'check to see if FileName is already in the list
If LCase$(FileName) = LCase$(mnuFileName(i).Caption) Then Found = True
Next i

If Found = False Then
mnuFileName(5).Caption = mnuFileName(4).Caption
mnuFileName(4).Caption = mnuFileName(3).Caption
mnuFileName(3).Caption = mnuFileName(2).Caption
mnuFileName(2).Caption = mnuFileName(1).Caption
mnuFileName(1).Caption = X
End If

mnuSeparator36.Visible = False
For i = 1 To 5
mnuFileName(i).Visible = CBool(Len(Trim$(mnuFileName(i).Caption)))
If mnuFileName(i).Visible = True Then mnuSeparator36.Visible = True
Next i

End Sub

'--------------------------- and run this at form load

mnuSeparator36.Visible = False
For i = 1 To 5
mnuFileName(i).Visible = CBool(Len(Trim$(mnuFileName(i).Caption)))
If mnuFileName(i).Visible = True Then mnuSeparator36.Visible = True
Next i

'---------------------------- and use this to save/get settings between sessions

mnuFileName(1).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File1", "")
mnuFileName(2).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File2", "")
mnuFileName(3).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File3", "")
mnuFileName(4).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File4", "")
mnuFileName(5).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File5", "")

SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File1", mnuFileName(1).Caption
SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File2", mnuFileName(2).Caption
SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File3", mnuFileName(3).Caption
SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File4", mnuFileName(4).Caption
SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File5", mnuFileName(5).Caption

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Open Help file
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:05:42

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'1. F1 Key
'Set app.Helpfile Property and Press F1

'2. API
Declare WinHelp ...

'bring up contents of Help file
iResult = WinHelp(Me.hwnd, "c:\yourfile.hlp")

'jump to topic (topic id=1000 in this example)
iResults = WinHelp(Me.hwnd, "c:\yourfile.hlp", HELP_CONTEXT, 1000&)

'bring up search window
iResults = WinHelp(Me.hwnd, "c:\yourfile.hlp", HELP_PARTIALKEY, ByVal "")

'quit Help
iResults = WinHelp(Me.hwnd, "c:\yourfile.hlp", HELP_QUIT, 0&)

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Popup menu
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-21 22:57:20

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'create a menu item 'mnuHiddenMenu' and set its .visible property to False
'then create sub-menu items under it with their .visible property to True

'In the MouseUp event of any control or form, place this:
If Button = vbRightButton Then PopupMenu mnuHiddenMenu

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Put app icon in system tray
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:08:17

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Private Declare Function Shell_NotifyIcon Lib "shell32.dll" (ByVal dwMessage As Long, lpData As NOTIFYICONDATA) As Long
'Private Declare Function Shell_NotifyIcon Lib "shell32.dll" Alias " Shell_NotifyIconA" (ByVal dwMessage As Long, lpData As NOTIFYICONDATA) As Long

'These three constants specify what you want to do
Private Const NIM_Add = &H0
Private Const NIM_DELETE = &H2
Private Const NIM_MODIFY = &H1

Private Const NIF_ICON = &H2
Private Const NIF_MESSAGE = &H1
Private Const NIF_TIP = &H4

Private Const WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK = &H203
Private Const WM_LBUTTONDOWN = &H201
Private Const WM_LBUTTONUP = &H202
Private Const WM_MOUSEMOVE = &H200
Private Const WM_RBUTTONDBLCLK = &H206
Private Const WM_RBUTTONDOWN = &H204
Private Const WM_RBUTTONUP = &H205

Private Type NOTIFYICONDATA
cbSize As Long
hwnd As Long
uID As Long
uFlags As Long
uCallbackMessage As Long
hIcon As Long
szTip As String * 64
End Type

Private IconData As NOTIFYICONDATA

Sub ShowApp()
Me.WindowState = vbNormal
Shell_NotifyIcon NIM_DELETE, IconData
Me.Show
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load()
With IconData
.cbSize = Len(IconData) ' The length of the NOTIFYICONDATA Type
.hIcon = Me.Icon ' A reference to the form's icon
.hwnd = Me.hwnd ' hWnd of the form
.szTip = "My Tooltip" & Chr(0) ' Tooltip String delimited with a Null character
.uCallbackMessage = WM_MOUSEMOVE ' The icon we're placing will send messages to the MouseMove event
.uFlags = NIF_ICON Or NIF_TIP Or NIF_MESSAGE ' It will have message handling and a tooltip
.uID = vbNull ' uID is not used by VB, so it's set to a Null value
End With
End Sub

Private Sub Form_MouseMove(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single)
Dim Msg As Long
Msg = X / Screen.TwipsPerPixelX ' The message Is passed to the X value
If Msg = WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK Then ' The user has double-clicked your icon
Call Command1_Click ' Show the window
ElseIf Msg = WM_RBUTTONDOWN Then
' Right-click
' PopupMenu mnuPopup
' Popup the menu
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Resize()
If Me.WindowState = 1 Then
Call Shell_NotifyIcon(NIM_Add, IconData)
Me.Hide
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer)
Shell_NotifyIcon NIM_DELETE, IconData
End Sub

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Put app in Explorer context menu
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-01-30 17:29:31

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Put app in SendTo menu
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:08:54

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'Get SendTo folder
Private Declare Function SHGetFolderPath Lib "shfolder" Alias "SHGetFolderPathA" (ByVal hwndOwner As Long, _
ByVal nFolder As Long, ByVal hToken As Long, ByVal dwFlags As Long, ByVal pszPath As String) As Long
Private Const CSIDL_SENDTO As Long = &H9 '{user}\SendTo

Dim SendToFolder As String
Dim iReturn As Long
SendToFolder = String(MAX_PATH, 0)
iReturn = SHGetFolderPath(0, CSIDL, 0, SHGFP_Type_CURRENT, SendToFolder)

'Put shortcut there
'need reference in your program to Windows Script Host Object Model wshom.ocx
'
Dim WS As WshShell
Dim oShellLink As WshShortcut

Set WS = New WshShell
Set oShellLink = WS.CreateShortcut("C:\myapplication.lnk") 'all shotcuts End In .LNK
oShellLink.IconLocation = "C:\myapplication.ico" 'use for icon not In EXE file
oShellLink.Description = "My Installation"
oShellLink.WorkingDirectory = App.path 'your choice
oShellLink.TargetPath = App.Path & "\" & App.EXEName
oShellLink.Save
Set WS = Nothing
Set oShellLink = Nothing
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Show/hide mouse cursor
Visual Basic
applications

2005-01-27 08:42:42

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'Just call ShowCursor and pass a false to hide it or a true to show it again.

Public Declare Function ShowCursor Lib "user32" Alias "ShowCursor" (ByVal bShow As Long) As Long

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Simulate a mouse click
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-18 11:09:05

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'click mouse at specific XY (In pixels) on a form

Public Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" _
Alias "SendMessageA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, _
ByVal wMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long
Public Sub SendClick(lnghWND As Long, x As Long, y As Long)
Private Const WM_LBUTTONDOWN = &H201
Private Const WM_LBUTTONUP = &H202

Dim iResult As Long
Dim lParam As Long
lParam = (y * &H10000) + x
iResult = SendMessage(lnghWND, WM_LBUTTONDOWN, 0&, ByVal lnglParam)
iResult = SendMessage(lnghWND, WM_LBUTTONUP, 0&, ByVal lnglParam)
End Sub

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Start new application and wait for it to finish
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:09:15

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Private Declare Function OpenProcess Lib "kernel32" (ByVal dwDesiredAccess As Long, ByVal bInheritHandle As Long, ByVal dwProcessId As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function WaitForSingleObject Lib "kernel32" (ByVal hHandle As Long, ByVal dwMilliseconds As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function CloseHandle Lib "kernel32" (ByVal hObject As Long) As Long

Private Const SYNCHRONIZE = &H100000
Private Const INFINITE = -1&

'start the indicated program and wait for it to finish
Private Sub ShellAndWait(ByVal program_Name As String)
Dim process_id As Long
Dim process_handle As Long

process_id = Shell(program_Name, vbNormalFocus)
process_handle = OpenProcess(SYNCHRONIZE, 0, process_id)
If process_handle <> 0 Then
WaitForSingleObject process_handle, INFINITE
CloseHandle process_handle
End If
End Sub
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Startup with Windows (use wshom)
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-16 09:52:54

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'two options - both require reference to Windows Script Host Object Mode (wshom.ocx)

'add a registry entry in HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
Dim oShell As IWshShell_Class
Set oShell = New IWshShell_Class
oShell.RegWrite "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\MyVBApp", _
"c:\app\appname.exe", "REG_SZ"

'put shortcut in startup menu
'include reference in VB program to Windows Script Host Object Mode (wshom.ocx)
Dim oShell As IWshShell_Class
Dim oSCut As IWshShortcut_Class
Dim sPath As String

Set oShell = New IWshShell_Class
sPath = oShell.SpecialFolders("Startup")
Set oSCut = oShell.CreateShortcut(sPath & "\TestStartup.lnk")
oSCut.TargetPath = cPGM
oSCut.Save
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Stop flickering
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-09 16:29:05

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Declare Function LockWindowUpdate Lib "user32" (ByVal hwndLock As Integer) As Integer

Form1_Load()

'While loading a form
LockWindowUpdate frmTest.hWnd

'show it
fromTest.show

'Unlock
LockWindowUpdate 0

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Test if application is running within IDE
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-02 08:18:26

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Public Function IsIDE() As Boolean
On Error GoTo ExitHandler
Debug.Print 1 / 0 'doesn't compile, so doesn't execute in EXE
ExitHandler:
IsIDE = Err '1/0 gives error only in IDE. False = no error, True = error
End Function

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Toggle menu checkmark
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-09 16:41:41

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MyMenu.checked = Not MyMenu.checked

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Convert an array to lower case
Visual Basic
arrays
string, text, lower, case
2005-02-18 11:10:20

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'first join all elements, separated by a delimiter of your choice - "++++" In this example
'Then make the entire string lower case
'finally, use split to take apart the string and place it In an array

Dim temp As String, MyArray As Variant
temp = Join(Myarray,"++++")
temp = LCase$(temp)
MyArray = Split(temp,"++++")

'here Is a second approach
Dim i As Long
For i = 0 To UBound(MyArray)
MyArray(i) = LCase$(MyArray)
Next i

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Cycle through an array
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100
2005-02-02 15:19:02

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Dim i as Long
For i = lbound(MyArray) to ubound(MyArray)
'do something with MyArray(i)
Next i

'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
Dim MyArray(100) 'default lower limit is zero in VB
For i = 0 to 100
'do something to MyArray(i)
Next i
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Deal a deck of cards
Visual Basic
arrays
games, cards, card deck
2005-02-16 14:55:30

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Dim Cards(52), i As Integer, j As Integer, temp As Integer
'shuffle the deck
For i = 1 To 52
'randomly pick a swap position
j = Int (52)
'swap the current position And the random position
temp = Cards(i)
Cards(i) = Cards(j)
Cards(j) = temp
Next i
'cards() Now contains random selection of cards positions - 1 thru 52

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Erase an array
Visual Basic
arrays

2005-02-18 11:10:45

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'works on fixed-length and dynamic arrays
'but if used on dynamic array, must ReDim before re-using

Erase MyArray()

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Randomly shuffle an array
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100 random shuffle
2005-02-18 11:10:56

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'assumes MyArray already exists and is filled with data
'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
'set temp variable to same type as MyArray
Dim i As Long, j As Long, temp As Variant
Randomize
For i = LBound(MyArray) To UBound(MyArray)
'randomly pick an element of the array to swap with element i
j = Int((UBound(MyArray)) * Rnd + 1)
temp = MyArray(i)
MyArray(i) = MyArray(j)
MyArray(j) = temp
Next i

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Remove element from array by content
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100 remove delete
2005-02-02 15:14:27

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'removes only the first instance of the array that matches the value
'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
'TestValue and MyArray should have the same Type
Dim i as Long, j as Long
For i = LBound(MyArray) to UBound(MyArray) -1
If MyArray(i) = TestValue Then
For j = i to UBound(MyArray)-1
MyArray(j) = MyArray(j+1)
Next j
Exit For
End if
Next i

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Remove element from array by position
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100
2005-02-18 11:11:28

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'1. order is not preserved In this approach, but very simple
MyArray(ItemToBeDeleted) = MyArray(UBound(MyArray))
ReDim Preserve MyArray(UBound(MyArray)-1)

'2. order Is maintained
Dim i As Long, N As Long
'assumes N is the position In MyArray to remove
For i = N To UBound(MyArray)-1
MyArray(i) = MyArray(i+1)
Next i
ReDim Preserve MyArray(UBound(MyArray)-1)

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Search an array
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100
2005-02-02 15:19:42

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'search for first occurrence of TestValue in MyArray
'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
'TestValue and MyArray should have the same type
Dim TestValue as string
TestValue = "searchstring"
For i = lbound(MyArray) to ubound(MyArray)
If MyArray(i) = TestValue then
'value found, do something
Exit For 'stop searching
End if
next i

'search all elements of MyArray for TestValue
'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
'TestValue and MyArray should have the same type
Dim TestValue as string
TestValue = "searchstring"
For i = lbound(MyArray) to ubound(MyArray)
If MyArray(i) = TestValue then
'value found, do something, then continue searching
End if
next i

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Write an entire array into a file #1
Visual Basic
arrays
write, array, text file
2005-01-24 21:58:22

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'assumes MyArray exists
Open "filename.txt" for Binary as #1
Put #1, MyArray
Close #1

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Write an entire array into a file #2
Visual Basic
arrays

2005-01-24 21:58:22

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'assumes MyArray exists
Open "myfile.txt" For Output as #1
For i = 0 to UBound(MyArray)
Print #1, MyArray(i)
Next i
Close #1
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Copy image to clipboard
Visual Basic
clipboard
Top100
2005-02-02 15:24:30

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'use picture property of form, picturebox, or image control
ClipBoard.Clear
ClipBoard.Setdata picture1.picture

'here's a second approach, using a picture from a .BMP file
'use picture with these extensions BMP, ICO, CUR, RLE, WMF, EMF, GIF, JPG
ClipBoard.Clear
ClipBoard.Setdata LoadPicture("filename.bmp")

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Copy selection to clipboard
Visual Basic
clipboard

2005-02-16 15:30:01

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sub CopyToClipboard()
Clipboard.Clear
If txtVisible.SelLength = 0 Then
Clipboard.SetText txtVisible.Text
Else
Clipboard.SetText txtVisible.SelText
End If
end sub
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Copy text to clipboard
Visual Basic
Clipboard
Top100
2005-02-02 15:24:44

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'be sure to clear the clipboard first
Clipboard.Clear
Clipboard.SetText MyString

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All - automatically highlight content on focus
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-18 11:11:59

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Sub SelectAll()
'Put this in the GotFocus event of a textbox
Me.ActiveControl.SelStart = 0
Me.ActiveControl.SelLength = Len(Me.ActiveControl.Text)
End Sub

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All - capture any key
Visual Basic
controls
Top100 ascii keycode
2005-02-03 13:03:27

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'in the KeyPress event of any control
If KeyAscii = vbKeyReturn Then
'KeyAscii does not recognize all keys, only those with Ascii equivalents
'this example finds the Enter Key (Ascii code 13)
'other key/ascii codes that KeyPress recognizes include:
'vbKeySpace (32) vbKeyBack (8) vbKeyTab (9)
'use KeyUp / KeyDown events to recognize other keys which do not
'have Ascii equivalents arrows, function keys,

MSGBox "Enter was pressed!"

'after doing something, set KeyAscii to zero to prevent VB from doing anything else
KeyAscii = 0
End If

'this is the same as using character code constants
If KeyAscii = 13 then
MSGBox "Enter was pressed"
End If

'KeyCode represents the physical key that is pressed/released (all keys except TAB)
'in the KeyUp events
If KeyCode = vbKeyReturn Then
MSGBox "Enter key was released"
End If

'in the KeyDown events
If KeyCode = vbKeyReturn Then
MSGBox "Enter key was pressed"
End If

'other useful KeyCode constants include:
'vbKeyLButton vbKeyRButton
'vbKeyReturn
'vbKeyShift
'vbKeyControl
'vbKeyEscape
'vbKeySpace
'vbKeyUp vbKeyDown vbKeyLeft vbKeyRight
'vbKeyPageUp vbKeyPageDown vbKeyEnd vbKeyHome
'vbKeyF1 - vbKey16

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All - force lower case as keys are entered
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-03 12:52:26

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'in the KeyPress event of the control

'force lower case
KeyAscii = Asc(LCase(Chr(KeyAscii)))

'force upper case
KeyAscii = Asc(UCase(Chr(KeyAscii)))

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All - use Enter key to move to next control in TAB sequence
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 13:45:43

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'in the key-press event
If KeyAscii = 13 Then
SendKeys "{Tab}"
KeyAscii = 0
End If

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Checkbox - set with Boolean value
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-09 14:29:04

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'vbChecked = 1
'vbUnChecked = 0

'Abs(True) = 1
'Abs(False) = 0

checkbox1.checked = vbChecked
checkbox1.checked = Abs(True)

checkbox1.checked = vbUnChecked
checkbox1.checked = Abs(False)

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ComboBox - change width of drop down part
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 15:07:23

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Private Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" Alias "SendMessageA" _
(ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal wMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long

Public Sub SetComboWidth(X As ComboBox, iWidth As Long)
SendMessage X.hwnd, &H160, iWidth, 0&
End Sub

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ComboBox - create MRU for dropdown list
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-06 21:44:32

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'this code tracks the last 10 manual entries into a combolist
'put this in the Keypress event of the combolist

If KeyAscii = 13 then
'this takes effect only when Enter is pressed

'check to see if the entry already exists in the list
'use of LCase make the code case-insensitive
Dim i As Long, Found As Boolean
For i = 0 To cmbList.ListCount - 1
If LCase$(cmbList.Text) = LCase$(cmbList.List(i)) Then
Found = True
Exit For
End If
Next i

'if the text entry is a new item, add it to the top of the list
If Found = False Then cmbList.AddItem cmbList.Text, 0
'limit the list to 10 items (drop off bottom item on the list)
If cmbList.ListCount > 10 Then cmbList.RemoveItem (10)

'save the list to a text file if a new item is entered
If Found = True Then
Open "searchlist.txt" for Output As #1
For i = 0 to cmbList.Listcount -1
Print #1, cmbList.list(i)
Next i
Close #1
End If

End If

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ComboBox - remove multiple selected items
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-18 11:12:31

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'To delete multiple selected items, loop backwards To avoid problems
Dim iCount As Long
For iCount = List1.ListCount - 1 To 0 Step -1
If List1.Selected(iCount) = True Then List1.RemoveItem iCount
Next iCount

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Common dialog - multiple files from common dialog
Visual Basic
controls

2005-01-27 15:26:27

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Private Sub cmdOpen_Click()
Dim sFileNames() As String
Dim iCount As Integer

cd.Filter = "All Files|*.*"
cd.Flags = cdlOFNAllowMultiselect
cd.ShowOpen

If cd.FileName <> "" Then
sFileNames = Split(cd.FileName, Chr(32))
For iCount = LBound(sFileNames) To UBound(sFileNames)
MsgBox sFileNames(iCount), vbInformation
Next

End If
End Sub

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Common dialog - SaveAs code
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-06 17:22:04

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On Error GoTo ExitmnuInOpen

'open dialog box to get new FileName
CommonDialog1.Flags = cdlOFNHideReadOnly
CommonDialog1.InitDir = App.Path
CommonDialog1.FileName = "*.txt"
CommonDialog1.DefaultExt = "txt"
CommonDialog1.Filter = "Text Files (*.txt)|*.txt"
CommonDialog1.DialogTitle = "Save As"
CommonDialog1.ShowOpen

If CommonDialog1.FileName <> "*.txt" Then
FileName = CommonDialog1.FileName
If FileExists(FileName) Then Kill FileName
Open FileName For Binary As #1
Put #1, , txtVisible.Text
Close #1
' StatusBar1.SimpleText = FileName
StatusBar1.Panels(1).Text = FileName
txtHidden.Text = txtVisible.Text
End If

ExitmnuInOpen:

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File System Controls - how to synchronize
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 15:30:45

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'use the 3 intrinsic list boxes: DriveListBox, DirListBox, FileListBox

'=============
'DriveListBox code - Change Event
Private Sub Drive1_Change()
Dir1.Path = Drive1.Drive
End Sub

'=============
'DirListBox code - Change Event
Private Sub Dir1_Change()
File1.Path = Dir1.Path
End Sub

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Imagelist - add images at run time
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-03 15:20:09

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Dim KeyText as String
KeyText = "IconName" 'use this name in code to reference the icon
ImageList1.ListImages.Add , KeyText, LoadPicture("myicon.ico")

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Listbox - use API for fast search
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 15:09:23

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Private Declare Function SendMessageString Lib "user32" _
Alias "SendMessageA" _
(ByVal hwnd As Long, _
ByVal wMsg As Long, _
ByVal wParam As Long, _
ByVal lParam As String) As Long
Private Const LB_FINDSTRING = &H18F
Private Const LB_FINDSTRINGEXACT = &H1A2

Dim iIndex As Long
Dim FindString As String
FindString = "FindThis"
iIndex = SendMessageString(List1.hwnd, LB_FINDSTRINGEXACT, -1, FindString)
If iIndex > -1 Then List1.ListIndex = iIndex

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Listbox - use API to select all
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-09 14:46:18

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Private Declare Function SendMessageString Lib "user32" _
Alias "SendMessageA" _
(ByVal hwnd As Long, _
ByVal wMsg As Long, _
ByVal wParam As Long, _
ByVal lParam As String) As Long
Const WM_USER = &H400
Const LB_SETSEL = (WM_USER + 6)

iReturn = SendMessage(lst.Wnd, LB_SETSEL, bState, -1
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ListView - autosize column widths
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-09 12:55:16

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Public Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" _
Alias "SendMessageA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, _
ByVal wMsg As Long, _
ByVal wParam As Long, _
lParam As Any) As Long
Const LVM_SETCOLUMNWIDTH = &H1000 + 30
Const LVSCW_AUTOSIZE = -1
Const LVSCW_AUTOSIZE_USEHEADER = -2

'LV is the ListView control
Dim col As Long
For col = 0 To LV.ColumnHeaders.Count -1
SendMessage LV.hwnd, LVM_SETCOLUMNWIDTH, col, LVSCW_AUTOSIZE_USEHEADER
Next col
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Optionbutton - determine which is selected
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-09 14:31:31

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Selected = Option(0).value * 0 + Option(1).value * 1 + Option(2).value * 2

'Or

For i = 0 To n
Selected = Option(i).value * i
Next i

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Picturebox - remove image
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 15:44:38

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Picture1.LoadPicture()

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Richtextbox - find and replace
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-18 11:13:02

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'Each time called, finds next occurence of StringToFind
Static S_Start As Long, StringToFind As String
S_Start = RichTextBox1.Find(StringToFind, S_Start)
If S_Start = -1 Then
MsgBox "Not found"
Else
RichTextBox1.SetFocus
S_Start = S_Start + Len(StringToFind)
End If
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Richtextbox - first visible line/position of 1st char on the line
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-05 23:07:41

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Public Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" Alias "SendMessageA" _
(ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal wMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long

Public Const EM_LINEINDEX = &HBB
Public Const EM_GETFIRSTVISIBLELINE = &HCE

iTopLine = SendMessage(RichTextBox1.hwnd, EM_GETFIRSTVISIBLELINE, 0, 0))
iPositionofFirstCharOfTopLine = SendMessage(RichTextBox1.hWnd, EM_LINEINDEX, iTopLine, 0&)
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Richtextbox - merge contents of two richtextboxes
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-16 16:02:59

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'put contents of richtextboxes 1 & 2 into a third richtextbox
RichTextBox1.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox1.SelLength = Len(RichTextBox1.Text)

RichTextBox2.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox2.SelLength = Len(RichTextBox2.Text)

RichTextBox3.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox3.SelLength = Len(RichTextBox3.Text)
RichTextBox3.SelRTF = RichTextBox1.SelRTF
RichTextBox3.SelStart = Len(RichTextBox3.Text)
RichTextBox3.SelLength = 0
RichTextBox3.SelText = vbCrLf
RichTextBox3.SelStart = Len(RichTextBox3.Text)
RichTextBox3.SelLength = 0
RichTextBox3.SelRTF = RichTextBox2.SelRTF

RichTextBox1.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox1.SelLength = 0
RichTextBox2.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox2.SelLength = 0

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Richtextbox - prevent flicker of richtextbox during reposition
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-03 10:31:19

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'this is more of a technique rather than code

'put richtextbox content in a hidden richtextbox
RichTextBoxHidden = RichTextBoxVisible

'then make all changes to the hidden richtextbox

'then put hidden content into visible box
RichTextBoxVisible = RichTextBoxHidden
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Richtextbox - word wrap
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-16 16:02:46

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'On - set rightmargin very small
txtCode.RightMargin = txtCode.Width - 25

'0ff - set right margin very wide (1001 is arbitrary width)
txtCode.RightMargin = 1001 * frmMain.TextWidth("a")

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Textbox - automatically highlight content
Visual Basic
controls
selection, textbox, highlight
2005-02-18 11:13:28

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'Put this in the GotFocus event
text1.selstart = 0
text1.sellength = Len(text1.sellength)

'Or use this as a subroutine that all textboxes can call
Me.ActiveControl.SelStart = 0
Me.ActiveControl.SelLength = Len(Me.ActiveControl.Text)
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The two lines of code must be in the order given.

If you reverse the two lines of code it won't work properly

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Textbox - select all text on focus
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-18 11:13:34

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Sub SelectAll()
'Put this in the GotFocus event of a textbox
Me.ActiveControl.SelStart = 0
Me.ActiveControl.SelLength = Len(Me.ActiveControl.Text)
End Sub

'this is an alternative for a specific textbox
txtOut.SelStart = 0
txtOut.SelLength = Len(txtOut.Text)
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Textbox - undo (API)
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 14:07:28

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Public Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" Alias "SendMessageA" _
(ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal wMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long

Const WM_USER = &H400
Const EM_UNDO = WM_USER + 23

iResult = SendMessage(myControl.hWnd, EM_UNDO, 0,0)

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Textbox - use Enter as TAB
Visual Basic
controls
enter, textbox
2005-02-18 11:13:49

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'put this in the textbox click event
If KeyAscii = vbKeyEnter then KeyAscii = vbKeyTAB

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Timer - extend control to large intervals
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-08 18:07:34

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Sub Timer1_Timer()
'set Interval property to 60 = 1 minute
'Timer normally is good for about 1 minute
Static iMinutes
iMinutes = iMinutes + 1

If iMinutes Mod 5 <> 0 Then Exit Sub '5 is the extended number of minutes

'you reached the extended time - do something
MSGBox "The timer hit 5 minutes"

'reset the timer to begin counting again
iMinutes = 0

End Sub

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Toolbar - responding to button selection
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-01-31 11:37:45

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Private Sub Toolbar1_ButtonClick(ByVal Button As MSComctlLib.Button)
Select Case Button.Key
Case "selectfolder"
If ToolBar.Buttons("selectfolder").Value = tbrPressed Then
'Do something
End If
Case "copylist"
'Do a copy thing
Case "email"
'Do an email thing
End Select
End Sub
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Toolbar - responding to menu selection
Visual Basic
controls

2005-01-27 12:18:27

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Private Sub Toolbar1_ButtonMenuClick(ByVal ButtonMenu As MSComctlLib.ButtonMenu)

If ButtonMenu.Parent.Key = "game" Then
'Do something
End If

If ButtonMenu.Parent.Key = "speed" Then
'Do something else
End If

End Sub
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TreeView - set background color
Visual Basic
controls

2005-01-27 12:44:55

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'for setting treeview backcolor
Private Declare Function GetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "GetWindowLongA" (ByVal hWnd _
As Long, ByVal nIndex As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function SetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "SetWindowLongA" (ByVal hWnd _
As Long, ByVal nIndex As Long, ByVal dwNewLong As Long) As Long
Const GWL_STYLE = -16&
Const TVM_SETBKCOLOR = 4381&
Const TVS_HASLINES = 2&

Dim lStyle As Long
Dim TVNode As Node

' set the BackColor for every node
For Each TVNode In TV.Nodes
TVNode.BackColor = BackColor
Next

' set the BackColor for the TreeView's window
SendMessage TV.hWnd, TVM_SETBKCOLOR, 0, ByVal BackColor
' get the current style
lStyle = GetWindowLong(TV.hWnd, GWL_STYLE)
' temporary hide lines
SetWindowLong TV.hWnd, GWL_STYLE, lStyle And (Not TVS_HASLINES)
' redraw lines
SetWindowLong TV.hWnd, GWL_STYLE, lStyle

'=============

Dim hwndTV As Long
Dim Style As Long
hwndTV = TV1.hWnd 'Change the background
Call SendMessageLong(hwndTV, TVM_SETBKCOLOR, 0, clrref)
'reset the treeview style so the
'tree lines appear properly
Style = GetWindowLong(TV1.hWnd, GWL_STYLE)
'if the treeview has lines, temporarily
'remove them so the back repaints to the
'selected colour, then restore
If Style And TVS_HASLINES Then
Call SetWindowLong(hwndTV, GWL_STYLE, Style Xor TVS_HASLINES)
Call SetWindowLong(hwndTV, GWL_STYLE, Style)
End If
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TreeView - traverse the tree
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-15 08:53:35

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Public Sub TraverseTree(objNode As Node, Level)
'recursive
Dim objSiblingNode As Node
Set objSiblingNode = objNode
Do
'optional - txtResults = txtResults & Level & " .. " & objSiblingNode.Text & Chr(13) & Chr(10)
If Not objSiblingNode.Child Is Nothing Then Call TraverseTree(objSiblingNode.Child, Level + 1)
Set objSiblingNode = objSiblingNode.Next
Loop While Not objSiblingNode Is Nothing
End Sub

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Time - elapsed time between 2 dates
Visual Basic
date-time
Top100
2005-02-09 20:40:42

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'elapsed Time between dates (D2 - D1)
'subtracting 2 dates give a Single which Is the number of days
Dim D1 As Date
Dim D2 As Date
DDays = D2 - D1

'calculate all other values As a Function of DDays
DYears = DDays / 365
DMonths = DDays / 365 / 12
DHours = DDays * 24
DMinutes = DDays * 24 * 60
DSeconds = DDays * 24 * 60 * 60

'==========================================
'alternate approach
'get difference between to Dates, in an internval of your choice
Dim D1 As Date
Dim D2 As Date
Dim Interval as String
Interval = yyyy | q | m | y | d | w | ww | h | n | s
Year | Quarter | Month | Day of year | Day | Weekday | Week | Hour | Minute | Second
Dim Result
Result = DateDiff("d", D1, D2) 'days between the dates
Result = DateDiff("w", D1, D2) 'weekdays between the dates
Result = DateDiff("h", D1, D2) 'hours between the dates

'the VB function 'DatePart' lets you extract just a part of the date
'the VB function 'DateAdd' lets you add an interval(s) to a date

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Timer - milliseconds between 2 events
Visual Basic
date-time
Top100
2005-02-09 20:40:36

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'API For Time keeping
Private Declare Function GetTickCount Lib "kernel32" () As Long

'use this throughout the program to time between two events
Dim iStart As Long, iEnd As Long, Result As String
iStart = GetTickCount
iEnd = GetTickCount
Result = FormatNumber((iEnd - iStart) / 1000, 3) & " seconds "

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Determine if file is binary
Visual Basic
files binary

2005-02-16 15:31:29

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function IsBinary() As Boolean
Dim i As Long, Char As String * 1, j As Long
Open MergePathData(lstFiles.Path, lstFiles.List(lstFiles.ListIndex)) For Binary As #1
IsBinary = False
If LOF(1) > 0 Then
j = 10
If LOF(1) < j Then j = LOF(1)
For i = 1 To j
Get #1, i, Char
Select Case Asc(Char)
Case 9, 10, 13
'accept TAB, vbCRLF. no action
Case 0 To 31, 128 To 255
IsBinary = True
Exit For
End Select
Next i
End If
Close #1
end function
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Display only text conten of binary file
Visual Basic
files binary

2005-02-16 15:31:17

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sub DisplayStrippedBinaryFile(X As String)
Dim temp As String, i As Long, temp2 As String, C As String, j As Long

Screen.MousePointer = vbHourglass

txtFileViewer.Text = " ... loading binary file ... please wait! "
DoEvents

Open X For Binary As #1
temp = Input(LOF(1), #1)
Close #1

For i = 1 To Len(temp)
C = Mid$(temp, i, 1)
Select Case C
Case "A" To "Z", "a" To "z", "0" To "9", " ", "."
temp2 = temp2 & C
j = j + 1
If j Mod 50 = 0 Then
temp2 = temp2 & vbCrLf
DoEvents
End If
End Select
Next i

txtFileViewer.Text = "" & vbCrLf & temp2

Screen.MousePointer = vbDefault
end sub
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Open file with default Windows application
Visual Basic
files binary
open, default, file, application
2005-01-09 00:27:13

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Public Declare Function ShellExecute Lib "SHELL32.DLL" Alias "ShellExecuteA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal lpOperation As String, ByVal lpFile As String, ByVal lpParameters As String, ByVal lpDirectory As String, ByVal nShowCmd As Long) As Long
Public Const SW_ShowNormal = 1

'set the variable temp to the file type you want to open
'the OS will open that file with the application set to handle the extension of that file
Dim iReturn As Long, temp As String
temp = "myfile.doc"
iReturn = ShellExecute(frmMain.hwnd, "Open", temp, vbNullString, App.Path, SW_ShowNormal)

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Read/write data to a specific location within the file
Visual Basic
files binary
Top100
2005-02-16 15:31:44

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'read 20 bytes starting at position 100
Dim InputString as String * 20
Open FileName for Binary As #1
Get #1, 100, InputString
Close #1

'or read as a byte array
Dim InputString(20) as Byte
Open FileName for Binary As #1
Get #1, 100, InputString
Close #1

'write 10 bytes to position 50
OutputString = "0123456789"
Open FileName for Binary As #1
Put #1, 50, OutputString
Close #1

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Read/write entire file at once
Visual Basic
files binary
Top100
2005-02-03 15:12:03

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'puts the entire file into a Byte array
'for character by character action

Open FileName For Binary As #1
ReDim MyByteArray(LOF(1)-1) As Byte
Get #1, , MyByteArray
Close #1
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View in hex format
Visual Basic
files binary
Top100
2005-02-02 15:43:59

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Sub HexView(FileName as String)
'put contents of file into textbox1
Dim temp As String, temp2 as String
Dim i As Long, j As Long
Dim leader As String
Dim HexText As String
Dim AsciiText As String
Dim Char As String

'read the file into a string
Open filename for input as #1
temp2= Input (Lof(1),#1)
Close #1

'create hex string
If Len(temp2) > 0 Then
For i = 1 To Len(temp2) Step 8
leader = String$((6 - Len(Hex(i - 1))), "0") & Hex(i - 1) & " "
HexText = ""
For j = 0 To 7
If i + j > Len(temp2) Then
HexText = HexText & Space$((8 - j) * 3)
Exit For
End If
Char = Format$(Hex(Asc(Mid$(temp2, i + j, 1))), "00")
If Len(Char) = 1 Then Char = "0" & Char
HexText = HexText & Char & " "
Next j
AsciiText = Mid$(temp2, i, 8)
AsciiText = Replace(AsciiText, Chr(9), ".")
AsciiText = Replace(AsciiText, Chr(10), ".")
AsciiText = Replace(AsciiText, Chr(13), ".")
temp = temp & leader & HexText & " " & AsciiText & vbCrLf
Next i
Else
temp = vbCrLf
End If

temp = Mid$(temp, 1, Len(temp) - 2)
text1.text = temp

End Sub

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Open text file with default text app
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-16 15:32:01

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Dim temp As String, i As Long
temp = "gbsimplecamconfig.txt"
i = ShellExecute(frmMain.hwnd, "Open", temp, vbNullString, App.Path, SW_ShowNormal)

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Open text file with Notepad
Visual Basic
files text

2005-01-24 22:08:28

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Shell "notepad " & AddressFileName, vbNormalFocus

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Read text file all at one time
Visual Basic
files text
Top100
2005-02-02 15:26:48

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'read an entire text file into a string
Dim temp as String
Open filename for input as #1
temp = Input (Lof(1),#1)
Close #1

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Read text file into a string
Visual Basic
files text
open, text, string
2005-02-16 15:32:16

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Dim InString as String
Open "filename.txt" For Binary As #1
InString = Input(LOF(1), #1)
Close
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Read text file into an array #1
Visual Basic
files text
open, text, file, array
2005-02-16 15:32:22

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'first read the file into a string - includes the line feed/carriage control characters
Dim InString as String, MyArray as Variant
Open "filename.txt" For Binary As #1
InString = Input(LOF(1), #1)
Close
'now split the string
MyArray = Split(InString, vbCRLF, -1)

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Read text file into an array #2
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-16 15:32:28

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'puts content into array starting at position zero
'if you know the number of lines in advance, you won't have to use REDIM Preserve
Dim temp as String, MyArray as Variant
Open "filename.txt" For Input as #1
While Not EOF(1)
REDIM Preserve MyArray(i)
Line Input #1, MyArray(i)
i = i +1
Wend
Close

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Read text file one character at a time
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-16 15:32:34

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Dim Char as String * 1
Open "filename.txt" For Input As #1
While Not EOF(1)
Char = Input$(1,#1)
Wend
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Read text file one line at a time
Visual Basic
files text
Top100
2005-02-16 15:33:43

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Dim NewLine as String
Open "filename.txt" For Input As #1
While Not EOF(1)
Line Input #1, NewLine
'do something with NewLine
Wend

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Remove a character from a text file
Visual Basic
files text
character, remove
2005-01-24 22:04:01

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'first read text file into string
Dim InString as String
Open "filename.txt" For Binary As #1
InString = Input(LOF(1), #1)
Close

'then replace specified character(s) with an empty string ""
InString = Replace(Instring, CharToRemove, "")

'finally put string back into the file
Open "filename.txt" For Output as #1
Put #1, InString
Close

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Save array to file (fast)
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-18 11:15:27

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'MyArray is a string array filled with text
'this code avoids having to cycle through the string array
Open "myfile.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, Join(MyArray, vbcrlf)
Close #1
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View text file content
Visual Basic
files text
Top100
2005-02-02 15:27:41

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'read an entire text file into a multiline textbox
Dim temp as String
Open filename for input as #1
textbox1.text = Input (Lof(1),#1)
Close #1

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Wordwrap
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-18 11:15:50

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'1. one approach

Sub WordWrap()
'word wrap is on when the margin Is arbitrarily very large
If mnuWordWrap.Checked = True Then
'on
txtIn.RightMargin = txtIn.Width - 25
Else
'off
txtIn.RightMargin = 1001 * frmChat.TextWidth("a")
End If
End Sub

'============================
'2. another approach

Private Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" Alias "SendMessageA" _
(ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal wMsg As Long, _
ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long
Const WM_USER = &H400
Const EM_SETTARGETDEVICE = (WM_USER + 72)

'wordwrap
SendMessageLong frmMain.rtfTest, EM_SETTARGETDEVICE, 0, 0

'default
SendMessageLong frmMain.rtfTest, EM_SETTARGETDEVICE, 0, 1

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Backup and Restore a file
Visual Basic
files

2005-01-24 22:10:59

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'backup
If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel + vbQuestion, "Backup Data") = vbOK Then
FileCopy InfoFileName, InfoFileName & ".old"
End If

'restore
If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel + vbQuestion, "Restore Data") = vbOK Then
FileCopy InfoFileName & ".old", InfoFileName
End If
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Create full pathname
Visual Basic
files
Top100 path
2005-02-02 15:30:12

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'add path information and file name, including \ separator if needed
Function MergePathData(thePath As String, theFileName As String) As String
Select Case Right$(thePath, 1)
Case "\": MergePathData = thePath & theFileName
Case Else : MergePathData = thePath & "\" & theFileName
End Select
End Function
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Delete file to recycle bin
Visual Basic
files

2005-02-09 12:39:10

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Private Type SHFILEOPTSTRUCT
hWnd As Long
wFunc As Long
pFrom As String
pTo As String
fFlags As Integer
fAnyOperationsAborted As Long
hNameMappings As Long
lpszProgressTitle As Long
End Type

Private Declare Function SHFileOperation Lib "Shell32.dll" _
Alias "SHFileOperationA" (lpFileOp As SHFILEOPTSTRUCT) As Long
Private Const FO_DELETE = &H3
Private Const FOF_ALLOWUNDO = &H40

Public Sub DeleteFileToRecycleBin(Filename As String)
Dim fop As SHFILEOPTSTRUCT
fop.wFunc = FO_DELETE
fop.pFrom = Filename
fop.fFlags = FOF_ALLOWUNDO
SHFileOperation fop
End Sub
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Extract file name from full path
Visual Basic
files
Top100 path title
2005-02-02 15:30:41

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'assumes FullPath is a string containing the complete path of a valid file
Dim FileName as String
FileName = mid$(FullPath,InstrRev(FullPath,"\")+1)

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File exists
Visual Basic
files
Top100 exists
2005-02-06 18:17:53

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Function FileExists(filename) as Boolean
If Dir(filename) <> "" then FileExists = True
End If

'=======================
'alternate approach using FileSystemObject (add reference to project to use)
Dim fso As New FileSystemObject

'file exists
If fso.FileExists("C:\Files\file.txt") Then
MsgBox "File Exists!"
End if
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File properties (size/date/attributes)
Visual Basic
files
Top100
2005-02-09 20:45:27

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'file length (Bytes) - use full path name unless file is in current drive/directory
Dim iLength as long
iLength = FileLen("c:\filename.exe")

'date/time of a file
Dim temp as Variant
Dim FileName as string
FileName = "c:\data\test.txt"
temp = FileDateTime (FileName)

'attributes of a file
Function FileProperties( FileName as String, RO as Boolean, Hidden as Boolean, System as Boolean, Directory as Boolean, Archive as Boolean)
Dim iResult as long
iResult = GetAttr (FileName)
RO = iResult AND vbReadOnly
Hidden = iResult AND vbHidden
System = iResult AND vbSystem
Directory = iResult AND vbDirectory
Archive = iResult AND vbArchive
FileProperties = iResult
End Function

'set the attributes of a file (file cannot be open)
SetAttr "c:\test.txt", vbNormal + vbReadOnly + vbHidden + vbSystem + vbArchive
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FileSave
Visual Basic
files

2005-02-16 15:36:11

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Sub mnuFileSave_Click()

If DataChanged = False Then Exit Sub

If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel, "Save Changes to Equations") = vbCancel Then Exit Sub

'save data to file (custom for each application)

DataChanged = False

end sub
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Get unique temporary file name
Visual Basic
files

2005-01-27 12:38:13

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How to ... Get unique temporary file name

Private Const MAX_FILENAME_LEN = 256

Private Const UNIQUE_NAME = &H0

Private Declare Function GetTempFileNameA Lib "kernel32" (ByVal _
lpszPath As String, ByVal lpPrefixString As String, ByVal wUnique _
As Long, ByVal lpTempFileName As St}