gbCodeLib Source Code Snippets
Gary Beene's Information Centers
http://www.garybeene.com

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01 Common features
_Language Summary
Language Comparisons

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Most languages share common features, different in their details, but similar in functionality.

A programmer skilled in one language can typically learn a new language by starting on
the similar aspects and then branching out into the differences between the two languages.

The gbCodeLib tutorials are modelled after the following language comparisons.  As the 
tutorials grow they will contain sections on each of these common areas, as well as sections
on capabilities unique to each language:

//Languages reflect the following common programming concepts:
1. Syntax (how the language is written)
2. IDE - Integrated Development Environment, is it exists.  Sometimes third party IDEs are available
3. Data types / operators / variables
4. Strings
5. Arrays
6. Flow control
7. Functions and Subroutines

//Languages also provide functionality in all of these common areas:
8. Files and Folder
9. System functions
10. Graphics
11. Sound
12. Date/time
13. Math
14. Printing
15. Error handling
16. Objects / Classes / Heirarchy

//Languages differ in the extent to which they provide access to external capabilities such as:
17. Windows API access
18. Components and libraries, such as DLLs and OCXs

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02 Language famillies
_Language Summary
Language Comparisons

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Based on similarities in structure and syntax, most languages can be grouped with other,
similar languages.

//The Visual Basic Family - run uncompiled in IDE, compile for distribution
VB
VB.net
VBA (Excel, Outlook, Access)

//OOP Languages - compile before use
C++
Java
C#

//CGI Scripts - no compiliation
Perl
ASP

//Web page and scripting technologies - intrepreted by the browser
HTML
XML
JavaScripot
VBScript





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03 IDE
_Language Summary
Language Comparisons

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Languages differ greatly in the type of IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
they use.

//Most come with an IDE as part of the language
VB, VBA, VB.net, Delphi, Excel, Outlook, Access, C++

//Some have no IDE (from the language manufacturer)
HTML, XML, DOS, Perl, ASP, PHP, C#, Java, JavaScript, Java, SQL, PL1


Third party IDE as available for most of the ones which do not
comes with and IDE as part of the original language purchase:

Common third-party IDEs include the following:

//Perl		OptiPerl		http://www.xarka.com






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04 Commenting
_Language Summary
Language Comparisons

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Commenting is the placement of text in the source code that is to be
ignored by the compiler or interpreter.  It is there to explain the code.
Most iDE's usually color the comments green to highlight them from
executable code.

Comments are typically identified by the use of special characters, as follows:

//Visual Basic family:
Text to the right of an apostrophe (') is highlighted, provided the apostrophe is not enclosed within quotes

//HTML, XML
Text between <!-- and --> is highlighted

//ASP
Text to the right of an apostrophe (') is highlighted, provided the apostrophe is not enclosed within quotes, and lines which start with "REM"

//Perl, PHP
Text to the right of "//"
Text to the right of a "#" is highlighted

//Delphi
Text to the fight of "//" or between curly braces "{}" or between "(*" and "*)"

//JavaScript, Java, C++, C#
Text to the right of "//" on a line, or between "/*" and "*/" on multiple lines are highlighted

//DOS, VB, VB.net, VBA
Any line that starts with "REM"
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05 Case-sensitivity
_Language Summary
Language Comparisons

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Some languages are case sensitive and others are not.

//Case sensitive
Java, JavaScript, C++, C#, Perl, PHP

//Not case sensitive
VB, VBA, VB.net, Delphi, HTML, XML, ASP,  DOS, Excel, Outlook, Access, Cobol, PL1, SQL


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06 Keywords
_Language Summary
Language Comparisons

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While there are some similarities, keywords are considerably different from language to language

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07 Top 100 Snippets (applications)
_Language Summary
Language Comparisons

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//For stand alone applications, regardless of the language, these are the Top 100
//capabilities which most applications will feature, and which programmers will need
//to know.

//As the gbCodeLib database grows, a snippet will be added under each language
//for these Top 100 snippets.

//In some languages, particularly the CGI and scripting languages, where programming
//does not generally result in standalone applications, the Top 100 list will be much
//different.   

//The gbCodeLib database will reflect different Top 100 snippets for such each language

//Top 100 snippets have the keyword 'Top100' so you can list them as a search result

Applications
1. Associate an extension with an application
2. Create a shortcut to an application (to a specified folder, including Windows special folders)
3. Open a Color dialog
4. Open a File dialog
5. Open a Folder dialog
6. Open a Font dialog
7. Put app icon in the system tray
8. Put app in the Explorer context menu
9. Put app in the SendTo context menu
10. Start a new application and wait for it to finish
11. Start an application when Windows starts up
12. Test whether the application is running within the IDE
13. Maintain MRU file (most recent files updated)
14. Read/write INI files
15. Create context menus
16. Resize controls when form resizes

Arrays
17. Cycle througn an array
18. Randomly shuffle an array
19. Remove an element of an array (by content or by position)
20. Search an array

Clipboard
21. Copy or retrieve text and images from the clipboard 

Controls
22. Automatically highlight textbox content on focus
23. Capture any key (Enter, TAB, arrow keys, home/end, F-keys, ...)
24. Forces lower/upper case on text input
25. Richtextbox manipulation (word wrap, find and replace, TAB control, flicker control, merge two controls, ...)
26. Toolbar manipulation (customize, dropdowns, images, sync with menus, ...)
27. Statusbar manipulation

Date-Time
28. Compute elapsed time between 2 dates
29. Compute elapsed time between 2 events (ms accuracy)
30. Display time in multiple formats

Files 
31. Create valid full pathname from folder and file names
32. Extract file name from a full path
33. Determine if a file exists
34. Get file properties (size/date/attributes)
35. Delete a file to the recycle bin
36. Backup/restore a file

File - Text
37. Read file one line at a time or all at once
38. View content

File - Binary
39. Read/write data at a specific location
40. Read entire file at once
41. View contents in hex or binary-stripped format

Folders/Drives
42. Determine if a file exists
43. Delete a folder and its subfolders
44. Get list of dirve letters
45. Get type of drive
46. Open DOS windows at a specific folder
47. Open a Window at a specific folder
48. Open Windows Explorer at a specific folder
49. Create a fll path of folders

Forms
50. Center a form
51. Keep form on top
52. Set min/max size of form
53. Add a splitter (vertical/horizontal)
54. Unload all forms

Graphics
55. Convert between Long, RGB, VB, and web colors
56. Get image size without reading entire file (JPG/GIF/BMP)
57. Get screen resolution
58. Generate a gradient fill
59. Overlay an image with transparency control
60. Read/write/display/convert images (JPG/GIF/BMP)
61. Resize and image, keeping aspect ratio
62. Capture the screen or any part of the screen
63. Set wallpaper - center/stretch/tile

Internet
64. Check for Internet connection
65. Create URL shortcut
66. Create web page (HTML) from code
67. Download text/binary file, with progress indicator
68. Upload text/binary file, with progress indicator
69. Get remote file information (size/date0
70. Open a web page in a browser
71. Send email using default email application
72. Update file via FTP

Math
73. Create random integer within specified range
74. Round number to specified number of decimals

Multimedia
75, Play CD
76. Play sound or video file (.wav, .mp3, ..mid, avi, .mpg)
77. Record sound or video 

Navigation
78. List all files and folders beneath a specified full path

Printing
79. Print images (positioned, scaled, or tiled)
80. Print preview
81. Color text printing
82. Send page eject to the printer
83. Print justified text (left/right)

Registry
84. Clear application setting from registry
85. Write/edit application settings
86. Write/edit/delete anywhere in the registry

Security
87. Calculate checksum
88. Encrypt/decrypt a file/string  (with or without a password)
89. Disable Ctrl-Alt-Del

Sort
90. Bubble sort
91. QuickSort

Strings
92. Convert strings to upper/lower case
93. Find/replace a string within a string
94. Split string into an array based on delimeters
95. Find text between two strings

System
96. Get computer name
97. Get user name
98. Get name of special folders (Windows, System, SendTo, Startup, 
99. Get Windows version
100. Reboot / restart / logoff system


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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
ASP
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bookmark
2005-02-17 22:16:23
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ASP - Active Server Pages

An Active Server Page is an HTML file with some additional code (ASP)
in it, separated from the HTML markup by a different delimiter:  <%   %>

<% ASP Code evaluated here %>

As with HTML, you can use any text editor to create ASP code.  ASP
files use the extension .asp.

The HTML page is fed to an HTTP server, which in turn pages the ASP
code to the IIS server (a microsoft application) for execution.

The ASP code is executed on the server and the results displayed
within the page on the browser.

The ASP code can be written using one of many scripting languages - 
as long as the server can execute it.  VBScript is the default and is
well supported by the Microsoft IIS server.

IIS stands for Internet Information Services and is free from Microsoft.

PSW stands for Personal Web Server.  It is a smaller, but fully
fully functional -version of IIS.  It is free from Microsoft.

Both IIS and PWS can be run on your PC to help try out ASP pages locally.  
PWS require Win95+, whereas IIS requires NT4 or higher.

When a browser requests an HTML file, the server returns the file 
When a browser requests an ASP file, IIS passes the request to the ASP engine. 
The ASP engine reads the ASP file, line by line, and executes the scripts in the file. 
Finally, the ASP file is returned to the browser as plain HTML.
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- Tutorial 02 - Sample Code
ASP
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<%@ Language=VBScript %> 
<HTML> 
<HEAD> 
<TITLE>Example 1</TITLE> 
</HEAD>
<BODY bgcolor=Lime aLink=DarkTurquoise> 
<P> </P> 
<%  Response.Write("Hello, world!")  %> 
</BODY> 
</HTML>

If you save this file as .asp and put it on an ASP-ready server, 
you'll see the "Hello, world!" in the page above.

The important thing to note is that the server will assume that anything 
between the delimiters is code and will then try to execute it. 
Don't put HTML there, or else it'll break. 

The first line, <%@ Language=VBScript %> is optional. 
If you leave it out, the server will assume you're using VBScript


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- Tutorial 03 - Syntax
ASP
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The Write method of the ASP Response Object is used to send content 
to the browser. 

For example, the following statement sends the text "Hello World" to the browser:

<% response.write("Hello World!") %>	

The ASP code can be any script of your chosing - VBScript, JavaScript.  But
you must specify the language at the top of the page.

<%@ language="javascript"%>
<html> ...
<body>
<% Response.Write("Hello World!") %>
</body>
</html>

Note that JavaScript is case sensitive.  You must write your ASP code to 
match the requirements of the script language you use.

ASP is shipped with VBScript and JScript (Microsoft's implementation of JavaScript). 
You can use other CGI scripts to, such as Perl or Python, but the server has to support
them.

Because the server hands off the ASP (script) code, the browser does not need to
support scripting al all.
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- Tutorial 04 - Using IIS / PWB
ASP
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PSW on Windows 98:
- Install PWS
- Run the web server
- From within your browser type in "http://localhost/myweb/test.asp" to view the test.asp page

IIS on Windows XP Professional  
- IIS will not run on Windows XP Home Edition
- Install IIS
- Run the web server
- From within your browser type in "http://localhost/myweb/test.asp" to view the test.asp page


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Detect browser
ASP
navigation

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<%@ Language=VBScript %> 
<HTML>
<HEAD>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<% 
dim BrowserType 
set bc = Server.CreateObject("MSWC.BrowserType") 
if bc.browser="IE" then 
  BrowserType = "MSIE" 
elseif bc.browser="Netscape" then 
  BrowserType = "Netscape" 
elseif bc.browser="Lynx" then 
  BrowserType = "Lynx" 
end if 
%> 

<% 
select case BrowserType 
  case "Lynx" 
    Response.Write("You're using Lynx! How do you manage to live without 3-D backgrounds and endless download times? Whatever!") 
  case "MSIE" 
    Response.Write("You're using Internet Explorer! Thank you for helping keep Microsoft afloat!") 
  case "Netscape" 
    Response.Write("You're using Netscape! And you're wearing those great pink pants! ASP knows everything about you!") 
  case else 
    Response.Write("You're using some other browser I don't know about.") 
End select 
%> 
<BR> 
</BODY>
</HTML>

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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
C++
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Snippet 13
Cobol
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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
CSharp
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:16:36
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C# competes with C++ and VB as a language to write Windows applications.

C# uses the .NET software development kit

Every C# program contains a Main method where program execution begins and ends. 


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- Tutorial 02 - Basic Code (Hello World)
CSharp
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class HelloWorld {
   static void Main() {
      System.Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");
   }
}


Save this file as HelloWord.cs

Compile in a DOS window by typing in:

csc HelloWorld.cs

This creates an EXE files called HelloWorld.exe

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- Tutorial 03 - Syntax
CSharp
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C# is case sensitive

C# statements end with the semicolon  ;

memory = 2 + 5;

Each line consists of only 1 statement

C# programs consist of sequences of C# statements that execute in ascending order like the following example:
{
statement 1
statement 2
statement 3
}

Comments:
// This text will be treated as a comment
/*
As are these text
lines treated as comments
*/

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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
Delphi
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:16:41
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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
DOS
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Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a 
command line user interface.  MS-DOS 1.0 was 
released in 1981 for IBM computers and the 
latest version of MS-DOS is MS-DOS 6.22, released in 1994.
A command line interface (MS-DOS or an emulation of it)
continues to be available in each new version of Microsoft.
To get a DOS window , click Start / Run and type "command" 
(Win9.x and Windows ME) or by typing "cmd" in Windows NT, 
Windows 2000 or  Windows XP.

To see a list of all commands, type 'Help' in a DOS window.

To capture the information in a file, type 

Help > doscommands.txt

The > symbols directs the output of the DOS command to the fle.
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- Tutorial 02 - Internal Commands
DOS
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ASSOC    Displays or modifies file extension associations.
AT       Schedules commands and programs to run on a computer.
ATTRIB   Displays or changes file attributes.
BREAK    Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking.
CACLS    Displays or modifies access control lists (ACLs) of files.
CALL     Calls one batch program from another.
CD       Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
CHCP     Displays or sets the active code page number.
CHDIR    Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
CHKDSK   Checks a disk and displays a status report.
CHKNTFS  Displays or modifies the checking of disk at boot time.
CLS      Clears the screen.
CMD      Starts a new instance of the Windows command interpreter.
COLOR    Sets the default console foreground and background colors.
COMP     Compares the contents of two files or sets of files.
COMPACT  Displays or alters the compression of files on NTFS partitions.
CONVERT  Converts FAT volumes to NTFS.  
COPY     Copies one or more files to another location.
DATE     Displays or sets the date.
DEL      Deletes one or more files.
DIR      Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
DISKCOMP Compares the contents of two floppy disks.
DISKCOPY Copies the contents of one floppy disk to another.
DOSKEY   Edits command lines, recalls Windows commands, and creates macros.
ECHO     Displays messages, or turns command echoing on or off.
ENDLOCAL Ends localization of environment changes in a batch file.
ERASE    Deletes one or more files.
EXIT     Quits the CMD.EXE program (command interpreter).
FC       Compares two files or sets of files, and displays the differences between them.
FIND    Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FINDSTR  Searches for strings in files.
FOR      Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files.
FORMAT   Formats a disk for use with Windows.
FTYPE    Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations.
GOTO     Directs the Windows command interpreter to a labeled line in a batch program.
GRAFTABL Enables Windows to display an extended character set in graphics mode.
HELP     Provides Help information for Windows commands.
IF       Performs conditional processing in batch programs.
LABEL    Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk.
MD       Creates a directory.
MKDIR    Creates a directory.
MODE     Configures a system device.
MORE     Displays output one screen at a time.
MOVE     Moves one or more files from one directory to another directory.
PATH     Displays or sets a search path for executable files.
PAUSE    Suspends processing of a batch file and displays a message.
POPD     Restores the previous value of the current directory saved by PUSHD.
PRINT    Prints a text file.
PROMPT   Changes the Windows command prompt.
PUSHD    Saves the current directory then changes it.
RD       Removes a directory.
RECOVER  Recovers readable information from a bad or defective disk.
REM      Records comments (remarks) in batch files or CONFIG.SYS.
REN      Renames a file or files.
RENAME   Renames a file or files.
REPLACE  Replaces files.
RMDIR    Removes a directory.
SET      Displays, sets, or removes Windows environment variables.
SETLOCAL Begins localization of environment changes in a batch file.
SHIFT    Shifts the position of replaceable parameters in batch files.
SORT     Sorts input.
START    Starts a separate window to run a specified program or command.
SUBST    Associates a path with a drive letter.
TIME     Displays or sets the system time.
TITLE    Sets the window title for a CMD.EXE session.
TREE     Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or path.
TYPE     Displays the contents of a text file.
VER      Displays the Windows version.
VERIFY   Tells Windows whether to verify that your files are written correctly to a disk.
VOL      Displays a disk volume label and serial number.
XCOPY    Copies files and directory trees.
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- Tutorial 03 - External Commands
DOS
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bootcfg (XP only)
This utility allows you to set up your boot options, such as your default OS and other loading options. 

cacls </os/Windows/commands/cacls.php> (XP, 2000, & NT4.0)
Changes the ACLs (security Settings) of files and folders. Very similar to chmod in Linux. comp (XP & 2000)
This utility is very similar to diff in Linux. Use the /? switch to get examples of command usage. 

Contig </os/Windows/commands/defrag.php> (NT4.0 and newer)
A great defrag utility for NTFS partitions. 

defrag </os/Windows/commands/defrag.php> (XP only - NT4.0 and Win2k use contig)
Yes, XP comes with a command line disk defrag utility. If you are running Win2k or NT4.0 there is still hope. 
Contig is a free defrag program that I describe on the defrag page. 

diskpart (XP only)
Use this command to manage your disk partitions. This is the text version for the GUI Disk Manager. 

driverquery (XP only)
Produces a list of drivers, their properties, and their versions. Great for computer documentation. 

fsutil (XP only)
This is a utility with a lot of capability. Come back soon for great examples. 

getmac (XP & 2000)
This command gets the Media Access Control (MAC) address of your network cards. 

gpresult (XP & 2000)
This generates a summary of the user settings and computer group policy settings. 

ipconfig </os/Windows/commands/ipconfig.php> (XP, 2000 & NT4.0)
This handy tool displays IP settings of the current computer and much more. 

netsh (XP & 2000)
A network configuration tool console. 
At the 'netsh>' prompt, use the '?' to list the available commands and type "exit" to get back to a command prompt. 

openfiles (XP Only)
Allows an administrator to display or disconnect open files in XP professional. Type "openfiles /?" for a list of possible parameters. 

Pathping (XP & 2000)
A cross between the ping and traceroute utilities. Who needs Neotrace when you can use this? Type "pathping <ip address>" and watch it go. 

recover (XP & 2000)
This command can recover readable information from a damaged disk and is very easy to use. 

reg (XP & 2000)
A console registry tool, great for scripting Registry edits. 

schtasks (XP only)
A newer version of the AT command. This allows an administrator to schedule and manage scheduled tasks on a local and remote machines. 

secedit (XP & 2000)
Use this utility to manually apply computer and user policy from your windows 2000 (or newer) domain. 
Example to update the machine policy: secedit /refreshpolicy machine_policy /enforce
To view help on this, just type secedit. 

sfc </os/Windows/commands/sfc.php> (XP & 2000)
The system file checker scans important system files and replaces the ones you (or your applications) hacked beyond 
repair with the real, official Microsoft versions. 

shutdown (XP & 2000)
With this tool, You can shut down or restart your own computer, or an administrator can shut down or restart a remote computer. 

systeminfo (XP only)
Basic system configuration information, such as the system type, the processor type, time zone, virtual memory settings, system uptime, and much more. 
This program is great for creating an inventory of computers on your network. 

tasklist (XP only)
Tasklist is the command console equivalent to the task manager in windows. 

taskkill (XP only)
Taskkill contains the rest of the task manager functionality. It allows you to kill those unneeded or locked up applications.

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- Tutorial 04 - Batch Files
DOS
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- Tutorial 05 - Utilities
DOS
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bat2exe  converts batch files to EXE files

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- Tutorial 06 - XP Changes to DOS
DOS
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MS-DOS commands were changed in XP - some changes, some deletions.

Functionality of these commands were changed.
<chcp.asp>	Changes code pages for all Command Prompt windows.	
<diskcomp.asp>	Command-line options /1 and /8 are not supported.	
diskperf                    No longer needed to act upon a server computer. You can still use diskperf for remote administration.	
<diskcopy.asp>	Command-line option /1 is not supported.	
<doskey.asp>	Available for all character-based programs that accept buffered input. Doskey has been improved by a series of enhancements.	
<format.asp>	Supports 1.44 MB floppy drive only. 20.8 MB floptical (magneto-optical) drive is no longer supported. Command-line options /b, /s, /u, /1, /4, and /8 are no longer supported.	
<label.asp>	The caret (^) and ampersand (&) symbols can be used in a volume label.	
<mode.asp>	The mode lptn[:][cols=c][lines=n] and mode lptn[:][c][,[n]] syntaxes are not supported.	
<print.asp>	Command-line options /b, /c, /m, /p, /q, /s, /t, and /u are not supported.	
<prompt.asp>	New character combinations enable you to add ampersands ($a), parentheses ($c and $f), and spaces ($s) to your prompt.	
<recover.asp>	Recovers files only.	
<rmdir.asp>	New /s command-line option deletes directories that contain files and subdirectories.	
<sort.asp>	Does not require TEMP environment variable. File size is unlimited.	
<xcopy.asp>	New /g command-line option creates decrypted destination files.	

Unavailable MS-DOS Commands
assign	Not currently supported.	
backup	Not currently supported.	
choice	Not currently supported.	
ctty	Not currently supported.	
dblspace	Not currently supported.	
deltree	The rmdir /s command deletes directories containing files and subdirectories. For more information about the rmdir command, see Rmdir <rmdir.asp>	
dosshell	Function is now inherent.	
drvspace	Not currently supported.	
emm386	Function is now inherent.	
fasthelp	Not currently supported. Use the help command at the command prompt. For more information about the help command, see Help <help.asp> For a complete list of command-line tools, see Command-line reference A-Z <ntcmds.asp> 	
fdisk	Not currently supported. Use the diskpart command, which enables you to manage disks, partitions, or volumes. For more information about the diskpart command, see Diskpart <diskpart.asp>	
include	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.	
interlnk	Not currently supported.	
intersrv	Not currently supported.	
join	Increased partition size and an improved file system eliminate the need to join drives.	
memmaker	MS-DOS subsystem memory usage is automatically optimized.	
menucolor	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.	
menudefault	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.	
menuitem	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.	
mirror	Not currently supported.	
msav	Not currently supported.	
msbackup	Use the ntbackup command for computers with tape drives, or the xcopy command for computers without tape drives. For more information about the ntbackup command, see Ntbackup <ntbackup_command.asp> For more information about the xcopy command, see Xcopy <xcopy.asp>	
mscdex	It is unnecessary to configure the MS-DOS subsystem to use CD-ROM drives. Windows XP provides access to CD-ROM drives for the MS-DOS subsystem.	
msd	Use the System Information snap-in. To start System Information, click Start, click Run, and then type msinfo32.	
numlock	Not currently supported.	
power	Not currently supported.	
restore	Not currently supported.	
scandisk	Not currently supported. Use the chkdsk command, which enables you to create and display a status report for a disk based on the file system. Chkdsk also lists and corrects errors on the disk. For more information about the chkdsk command, see Chkdsk <chkdsk.asp>	
smartdrv	Caching for the MS-DOS subsystem is automatic.	
submenu	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.	
sys	Windows XP does not fit on a standard 1.2 MB or 1.44 MB floppy disk.	
undelete	Not currently supported.	
unformat	Not currently supported.	
vsafe	Not currently supported.	
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Delete all files in a directory without requiring confirmation
DOS
files-folders

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echo y | del *.*
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Delete backup files
DOS
files-folders

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del *.bak

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DOS
files-folders

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@echo off
for %%F in (c:\bat\*.bat) do call listall2 %%F

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List directories
DOS
files-folders

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dir /ad
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List directory of drive a: (on screen)
DOS
files-folders

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dir a:\

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Go to root directory
DOS
navigation

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cd \

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Go up one directory
DOS
navigation

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cd ..

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Make sub-directory and change to that directory
DOS
navigation

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md %1
cd %1

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Open current directory in Window
DOS
navigation

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start .\
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Print current directory
DOS
navigation

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dir > prn

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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
Excel
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:16:50
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Excel is an application, not a language, but it contains
 the Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications langauge.

Please use the online code update 
(using the File > Import menu option)
to check for new code releases.
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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
HTML
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:16:58
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HTML files are text files.

HTML files contain information to be displayed, along with
special instructions on how to display the information.

An HTML file is read by a browser such as Microsoft Explorer which
displays the content according to the instructions it finds.

The instructions are called "tags", which usually come
in pairs. An example of a tag pair is:

<b>Hello</b>

The <b> is the starting tag and the </b> is the ending tag.
This particular pair of tags tells the browser to display the word 'Hello' in bold.

Usually, an HTML file is saved with an extension of .html or .htm. Doing so
in Windows enables you to double-click on the file name and have it opened
in the web brower.

Many people edit the files with the simplest of all text editors - Notepad - 
which is supplied with Windows.  Specialty applications exists which provide
HTML-specific features, including FTP of the completed files to the server.
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- Tutorial 02 - Basic HTML code
HTML
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HTML files typically consist of several basic sections, 
described by the following tags:

<html>
<head>
<title>
</title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

HTML files may contain comments, which are bordered at the start and
end as follows:

<!-- Anything between these two bounding tags is a comment -->

HTML is not case sensitive.
HTML ignores white space.




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- Tutorial 03 - Special Codes
HTML
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HTML uses codes to allow entry of special symbols, where
direct entry of the special symbol may not provide desired the 
display result or which may not be be available on the keyboard.
Some of the codes include:

&amp    &#60   &   ampersand 

&lt     &#60   <   less-than sign 

&gt     &#60   >   greater-than sign 

        &#64   @   at sign 

&nbsp   &#160;     nonbreaking space 

&cent   &#162; ¢   cent sign 

&copy   &#169; ©   copyright 

&reg    &#174; ®   registered trademark 

&deg    &#176; °   degree sign 

&micro  &#181; µ   micro sign 

&para   &#182; ¶   paragraph sign 

&frac14 &#188; ¼   one-fourth 

&frac12 &#189; ½   one-half 

&frac34 &#190; ¾   three-fourths 

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- Tutorial 04 - Tag overview
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Various tags associated with the HTML document structure include:

Basic Tags		
<html></html> Creates an HTML document		
<head></head> Sets off the title and other information that isn't displayed on the Web page itself		
<body></body> Sets off the visible portion of the document		
 		
 		
Header Tags		
<title></title> Puts the name of the document in the title bar 		
 		
Body Attributes		
<body bgcolor=?> Sets the background color, using name or hex value		
<body text=?> Sets the text color, using name or hex value		
<body link=?> Sets the color of links, using name or hex value		
<body vlink=?> Sets the color of followed links, using name or hex value		
<body alink=?> Sets the color of links on click		
 		
Text Tags		
<pre></pre> Creates preformatted text		
<hl></hl> Creates the largest headline		
<h6></h6> Creates the smallest headline		
<b></b> Creates bold text		
<i></i> Creates italic text		
<tt></tt> Creates teletype, or typewriter-style text		
<cite></cite> Creates a citation, usually italic		
<em></em> Emphasizes a word (with italic or bold)		
<strong></strong>  Emphasizes a word (with italic or bold)		
<font size=?></font> Sets size of font, from 1 to 7)		
<font color=?></font> Sets font color, using name or hex value		
 		
Links		
<a href="URL"></a> Creates a hyperlink		
<a href="mailto:EMAIL"></a> Creates a mailto link		
<a name="NAME"></a> Creates a target location within a document		
<a href="#NAME"></a> Links to that target location from elsewhere in the document		
 		
Formatting		
<p></p> Creates a new paragraph		
<p align=?> Aligns a paragraph to the left, right, or center		
<br> Inserts a line break		
<blockquote> </blockquote>  Indents text from both sides		
<dl></dl> Creates a definition list		
<dt> Precedes each definition term		
<dd> Precedes each definition		
<ol></ol> Creates a numbered list		
<li></li> Precedes each list item, and adds a number		
<ul></ul> Creates a bulleted list		
<div align=?> A generic tag used to format large blocks of HTML, also used for stylesheets		
 		
Graphical Elements 		
<img src="name"> Adds an image		
<img src="name" align=?> Aligns an image: left, right, center; bottom, top, middle		
<img src="name" border=?> Sets size of border around an image		
<hr> Inserts a horizontal rule		
<hr size=?> Sets size (height) of rule		
<hr width=?> Sets width of rule, in percentage or absolute value		
<hr noshade> Creates a rule without a shadow		
 </TD		
		
Tables 		
<table></table> Creates a table		
<tr></tr> Sets off each row in a table		
<td></td> Sets off each cell in a row		
<th></th> Sets off the table header (a normal cell with bold, centered text)		
 		
Table Attributes 		
<table border=#> Sets width of border around table cells		
<table cellspacing=#> Sets amount of space between table cells		
<table cellpadding=#> Sets amount of space between a cell's border and its contents		
<table width=# or %> Sets width of table - in pixels or as a percentage of document width		
<tr align=?> or <td align=?> Sets alignment for cell(s) (left, center, or right)		
<tr valign=?> or <td valign=?> Sets vertical alignment for cell(s) (top, middle, or bottom)		
<td colspan=#> Sets number of columns a cell should span		
<td rowspan=#> Sets number of rows a cell should span (default=1)		
<td nowrap> Prevents the lines within a cell from being broken to fit		
 		
Frames 		
<frameset></frameset> Replaces the <body> tag in a frames document; can also be nested in other framesets		
<frameset rows="value,value"> Defines the rows within a frameset, using number in pixels, or percentage of w idth		
<frameset cols="value,value"> Defines the columns within a frameset, using number in pixels, or percentage of width		
<frame> Defines a single frame - or region - within a frameset		
<noframes></noframes> Defines what will appear on browsers that don't support frames		
 		
Frames Attributes 		
<frame src="URL"> Specifies which HTML document should be displayed		
<frame name="name"> Names the frame, or region, so it may be targeted by other frames		
<frame marginwidth=#> Defines the left and right margins for the frame; must be equal to or greater than 1		
<frame marginheight=#> Defines the top and bottom margins for the frame; must be equal to or greater than 1		
<frame scrolling=VALUE> Sets whether the frame has a scrollbar; value may equal "yes," "no," or "auto." The default, as in ordinary documents, is auto.		
<frame noresize> Prevents the user from resizing a frame		
 		
Forms 		
<form></form> Creates all forms		
<select multiple name="NAME" size=?></select> Creates a scrolling menu. Size sets the number of menu items visible before you need to scroll.		
<option> Sets off each menu item		
<select name="NAME"></select> Creates a pulldown menu		
<option> Sets off each menu item		
<textarea name="NAME" cols=40 rows=8></textarea> Creates a text box area. Columns set the width; rows set the height.		
<input type="checkbox" name="NAME"> Creates a checkbox. Text follows tag.		
<input type="radio" name="NAME" value="x"> Creates a radio button. Text follows tag		
<input type=text name="foo" size=20> Creates a one-line text area. Size sets length, in characters.		
<input type="submit" value="NAME"> Creates a Submit button		
<input type="image" border=0 name="NAME" src="name.gif"> Creates a Submit button using an image		
<input type="reset"> Creates a Reset button		



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- Tutorial 05 - Scripts (JavaScript and Java applets)
HTML
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2005-02-17 22:16:58
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Two forms of programming may be embedded within an HTML page.

JavaScript is a series of text instructions which the browser reads
and executes.  

JavaScript
<script>  ... JavaScript code goes here  </script>

Java Applets are pre-compiled source code which can be read
by a Java Virtual Machine (VM) that has been installed on the
computer.  The applet is constrained to run within the browser
window - within a specified frame.

<applet>  ... Java applet information goes here ...   </applet>


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Email link
HTML
email

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<h5>Send email to <a href=mailto:gbeene@airmail.net><i>gbeene@airmail.net</i></a></h5>

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Font
HTML
formatting
font
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<font size=+1 face=arial><b>Gary Beene</b></font><br>
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Simple header
HTML
formatting

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<br><font size=+1 face=arial><b>History</b></font><br>
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Composite images in a table
HTML
images

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<center>
<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 borders=0
<tr><td><a href="../index.htm"><img width=640 height=24 border=0 src="../images/garybeenes.gif"></a></td>
<tr><td><a href="index.htm"><img width=640 height=36 border=0 src="../images/freeheader1.gif"></a></td>
<tr><td><img width=640 height=90 border=0 src="../images/freeheader2.gif" usemap="#mainmap"></td>
</table>
</center>
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Image link
HTML
images
image, source
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<img width=14 height=14  src="../images/ballblue.gif"><
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Image map
HTML
images

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<img width=640 height=90 border=0 src="../images/freeheader2.gif" usemap="#mainmap">

<map name="mainmap">
<area shape="rect" coords="25,20,100,38"  href="fr-freeware.htm">
<area shape="rect" coords="155,20,245,38"  href="fr-sites.htm">
<area shape="rect" coords="0,0,    640,90"  href="">
</map>

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Link to top of page
HTML
links

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<a href="#top"><img width=20 height=20  align=top border=0 src="../images/4up.gif"></a>
<b>Return to top of document</b></a>

If there is no name tag for 'top', the browser will jump
to the top of the current page



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Open links in a new browser window
HTML
links

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<a href="sample.html" target="new">HERE</a>

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Meta Tag
HTML
metatag

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<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Visual Basic, VB, ActiveX, QBasic, programming, 3D, tutorials, books, code ">
<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Gary Beene's Information Centers">

META tag information is normally placed in the header, behind the title as follows:

<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Visual Basic, VB, ActiveX, QBasic, programming, 3D, tutorials, books, code ">
<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Gary Beene's Information Centers">
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>




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Redirect a page
HTML
navigation

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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="REFRESH" content="0; URL=http://www.myotherpage.com">
</head>
</html>

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Section separators
HTML
syntax
section, divider
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<!-- put this at the top of the page -->
<img width=14 height=14 src="../images/ballblue.gif"><a href="#main"><b>Main Window</b></a>

<!-- the link at the top of the page links to here -->
<p>
<a name="main">
<hr noshade>
<a href="#top"><img width=20 height=20  align=top border=0 src="../images/4up.gif"></a>
<b>Return to top of document</b>
<h3>Main Window</h3>
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table
structure
2005-01-09 00:27:13
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<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border>
<tr><th>Header1<th>Header2
<tr><td nowrap valign=top colspan=3 rowspan=2>
</table>
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- Tutorial 01 - Simple Java Program
Java
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:05
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/** 
* The HelloWorldApp class implements an application that
* simply displays "Hello World!" to the standard output.
*/
class HelloWorldApp {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
       System.out.println("Hello World!");    
   }
}

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- Tutorial 02 - Simple Java Applet
Java
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2005-02-17 22:17:05
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import java.awt.Graphics;
public class MyApplet extends Applet {
   public void paint (Graphics g) {
      g.drawString("Have a nice day.", 50,25);
   }
}

In this example, the import refers to the Java Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT), which
contains methods needed for putting graphics, text, lines, and dots on the browser screen
To compile this applet, save the above text as MyApplet.java then type:  



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Java
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2005-02-17 22:17:05
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Java programs can be used in two ways:
- Stand alone EXEs
- Applets which operate only within a browser

The Java compiler creates a file that contains Java bytecodes, which in turn are interpreted 
by the interpreter on each specific Java platform.

Java source code is saved in a .java text file. The compiled bytecode is saved to a .class binary file.
Source code consists entirely of classes. Program starts in a class which has a 'main' method.
Source code lines end in semi-colon

class MyClass {
      public statis void Main(String[] arguments) {
              'main statements go here
      }
}

myProgram.java (source code) --> myProgram.class (bytecode)

It is the .class file that is interpreted by the Java interpreter on a specific platform. 

Java Platform consists of:
- Java Virtual Machine (interpreter)
- Java API

Java API are grouped into "packages" which contain related classes and interfaces.

A Java applet is a Java program which adheres to specific conventions that allow it 
to run within a Java-enabled browser. Java applets can also be viewed in a free 
program called appletviewer.

JDK - Java Development Kit from Sun
    - Java compiler
    - a few applets
    - stand-alone AppletViewer

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A Java applet is a Java program which adheres to specific conventions that 
allow it to run within a Java-enabled browser.  Java applets can also be 
viewed in a free program called appletviewer.

A web page can download an applet from a server, then run the applet
within a window as defined by the calling HTML statements:

------ Sample applet

import java.awt.Graphics;
public class MyApplet extends Applet {
   public void paint (Graphics g) {
      g.drawString("Have a nice day.", 50,25);
   }
}

----- Sample calling HTML file

<html>
<head>
<title>Applet Template</title>
</head>
<body>
<hr>
<applet code="MyApplet.class" Width=200 Height=200>
<param Name=message  Value="string">
</applet>
<hr>
</body>
</html>

--------- Applet tags (for use in HTML file)

<applet> ...  </applet>

Code       - Name of the applet (does not include path), case-sensitive
CodeBase   - Options - relative path to the class (could be URL)
Width      - Pixel width of frame that holds the applet
Height     - Pixel height of frame that holds the applet
Align      - 
HSpace     - border space around the applet (pixels)
VSpace     - border space around the applet (pixels)

You can pass parameters, each within its own tag:
- name is case-sensitive:
- all values are sent as strings
- go between the <applet> and </applet> tags

<param Name = "parameter_name" Value = "parameter_value"> 

For non-Java-compatible browsers, you can include the
<img> tag (just before the </applet> tag is preferred).
If the browser cannot read the <applet> it will display
the image.  Make sure the image is same size/location as
the applet.

------- Freeware applet viewer

Applets can be viewed in a freeware application called appletviewer:
- reads an HTML file and runs only the applet
- if the page has multiple applets, all are run in own instance of appletviewer

appletviewer sample.html

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- Tutorial 05 - Variables
Java
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2005-02-17 22:17:05
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Variables are strongly typed.  You must define the data type of a variable.
Java is case-sensitive.  Dog, dog, and DoG can co-exist.

int A ;
int A=5 ;

String MyName ;
String MyName = "Gary" ;

String Name = "Harvey";        //use double quotes around String
char MyChar = 'C';                   //use single quotes around char data type
boolean decision = false;

Variable names begin with letter, underscore, or $
avar
$var
_var

Data types supported include:

boolean
byte
char
short
int
long
double


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- Tutorial 06 - Operators
Java
_tutorials

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++    increment by 1
--      decrement by 1
+=     increment (by specified value)
-=     decrement (by specified value)
*=     mulitply (by specified value)
/=     divide (by specified value)
&=    bitwise and  (with specified value)
|=      bitwise inclusive or  (with specified value)
^=     bitwise exclusive or  (with specified value)
%=     integer remainder  (with specified value)

<        lt
<=      lt or equal to
>        gt
>=      gt or equal to
==     equal
!=      not equal

&&   and   short-circuit version
&     and   full-evaluation version
||      or      short-circuit version
|       or      full-evaluation version
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- Tutorial 07 - Strings
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Strings are objects and have methods

char MyChar = 'a'       // single quotes around char type
String MyString = "abcde"  // double quotes around char type

Speical Escape Characters
\'   single quote
\"  double quote
\\  backslash
\t   tab
\r   carriage return
\f   formfeed
\n  newline

NewString = String1 + String 2        //concatenation operator is +
Numbers are concatenated as strings (Java figures out which is needed)

Methods/Properties
.equals
.length
.toUpperCase

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break may be used with for, while, do-while loops
continue exits the current loop and starts over at the first statement of the next loop
loop can have a name (name follow by colon)
break LoopName


if ( boolean expression ) 
   { statements }
else if
   { statements }
else
   { statements }


switch ( boolean expression )  {
   case 'A':
       Statement(s);
       Break
   case 'B':
       Statement(s);
       Break
   case 'C':
       Statement(s);
       Break
   default:
       Statement(s)
}


ternary operator
( boolean expression ) ?    <if-true-expression>  :  <if-false-expression>


while ( boolean expression )
      // executes 0 or more times
      { statements }
}

do {
      //executes at least one time
      { statements }
while ( boolean expression ) }


for ( <init-stmts> ;   <boolean expression>;  <exprs> )
   { statements }

Example:
for (int number = 0 ; number < 1000 ; number++) {
   if (number % 12 == 0) System.out.println("#: " + number) ;
   // prints all numbers evenly divisible by 12
}

Example 2:
for ( i = 0 , j = 0 ; i*j < 1000 ; i++, j += 2) {
   //allowed to use more than one variable in the loop 
   System.outlprintln(i + " * " + j  + " = " + i*j) ;

Example 3:
for (   ;  Count < MaxCount ; Count++ ) 
   // section of the loop can be missing
}

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Print info, end with newline:
System.out.println()

Print info, not end with newline:
System.out.print()

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- Zero-based
- Each element contains same type of data

Create like a variable, but use square brackets

String[] MyStringArray ;
int [] MyIntegerArray ;

Also can put [] after variable:

String MyStringArray[] ;
int MyIntegerArray[] ;

To specify number of elements, use new statement :

int MyArray[] = new int[100]

Can set value at time of creation:

String MyArray[] = { "a" , "b", "c" }

MyArray[1] + MyArray[2]       // this gives "ab"

Array is an object.  It has properties and methods:
.length      //number of elements in the array (not the maximum element number)

Two dimensional array:

int MyArray [] [] = new int[50[ [50]

There is no way to modify the size of an array after it has been created





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Simple example:
public class MyClass {
      //properties and methods go here
}

More general example:
public class MyClass {
    int Property1 ;
    int Property2 ;
    public void Method1 {
           //method statements go here
    }
    public void Method2 {
           //method statements go here
    }
{

To use the general example class, use this code.
Then you can set properties and use methods of new object:

MyClass NewVariable = new MyClass () ;
MyClass.Property1 = 12
MyClass.Proterty2 = 17

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Viewing an applet using free applet viewer
Java
applet

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appletviewer Hello.html
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Compile source code into bytecode and run the results
Java
compile

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//to compile the HelloWord.java source code file:

javac HelloWorld.java

//to run the resulting HelloWorld.class file - do not use the .class in the command line

java HelloWorld
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HTML file with java applet in it
Java
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<html>
<head>
<title>The Hello World Applet</title>
</head>
<body>
<applet code="HelloWorld.class" width=150 height=25>
</applet>
</body>
</html>


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Repeat code every n counts
Java
loops

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int n = 5    //set n to be whatever value you choose

for (int number = 0 ; number < 1000 ; number++) {
   if (number % n == 0) System.out.println("#: " + number) ;
   // prints all numbers evenly divisible by n
}

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Sort an array
Java
sort

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import java.util.# ;

String names[] = { "Mike", "Gary", "John" }

//imported class Arrays has a sort method (ascending order only)

Arrays.sort(names) ;

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Get current date/time information
Java
time-date

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import java.util.* ;

class Clock {
   public statis void main(String[] arguments) {
      //get current time and data
     Calendar now = Calendar.getInstance() ;
      int hour = now.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY) ;
      int minute = now.get(Calendar.MINUTE) ;
      int month = now.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1 ;
      int day = now.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH) ;
      int year = now.get(Calendar.YEAR) ;
   }
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- Tutorial 01 - Basic HTML with JavaScript
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<html>
<head>
<title>
</title>
<script language = "JavaScript">    
// comments can go behind two forward slashes
document.write ("Hello World!")
/*
A block of comments go between /**/
*/
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h4>JavaScript Example</h4>
</body>
</html>

Can also use external script:
------------------------------------------------
<script language="javascript" src="myscript.js">
</script>


Also, alternate to external script can be defined
------------------------------------------------
<script language="javascript" src="myscript.js">
  statements					//ignored unless error in reaching myscript.js
</script>
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a script is executed from top to bottom as it it read in by the browser
pages can have multiple scripts on the same page
script is run as programs loads, except functions which must be specifically called

generally, it's a good idea to put most of your JavaScript in the head of a page. 
This is because the head gets read before the body, so any variables that appear in the
body will already have been declared in the head by the time they're needed. 

semicolon is not required unless line has multiple statements on it
spaces and line breaks are ignored

return true	# can assign return value to end a JavaScript
return false
return 25

methods are always followed by parenthesis, whether they have arguments or not

<a href="javascript:void(0)">Link</a>     //goes nowhere

After a page is loaded, JavaScript can affect only
- content of form elements
- document characteristics
- real estate assigned to elements
- layer re-generation
- effect:  after load is complete, document.write will open a new window!

its a good idea to put a copyright in the js scripts
there is a server-side version of JS which have more read/write features


Elements of JavaScript
------------------------------------
Variables
Operators
Expresssions
Statements
Objects (properties and methods)
Functions

Reserved Words:
------------------------------------
abstract    extends     int         super
boolean     false       interface   switch
break       final       long        synchronized
byte        finally     native      this
case        float       new         throw
catch       for         null        throws
char        function    package     transient
class       goto        private     true
const       if          protected   try
continue    implements  public      var
default     import      return      val
do          in          short       while
double      instanceof  static      with
else

Top uses of JavaScript
-----------------------
Input validation
Bookmark a page
Disallow use of right click
Frame breaker
Email page to someone
Print this page

Other uses of JavaScript
Things JavaScript can do 
=============================================

Navigation
Frames
Alerts
Prompts
PopUp Windows
Menus
Status bar

User Information
cookies
browers
screensize

Web Site
guestbook
favorites
send to friend
# visits
get IP
code generators

Apps
clock
calendar
calculation
color picker
ramdom message

Visual Effects
mouseover
slideshow
animation
images
watermark
statusbar
banner
background	
text effects
music
mouse cursor

Games/Humour
moving eyes

Security
password

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Variables in JavaScript
- case-sensitive
- do not have to be declared before using them
- no limit on length
- letters, numbers, underscore
- must start with letter or underscore
- cannot use reserved words
- four types:  string, number, boolean, object
- four special values: True, False, Undefined, Null

Create by assigning:
newVariable = 5       //create a variable simply by assigning it
newVariable = "dog"   //variables can be any type

Create using 'var'
var limits scope to function where created
var creates a variable that is location to the function in which it is used
var in main body of script create variable that is available to all scripts on the page
var in main body cannot be accessed in a function
var  X
var X = 6
var X,Y
var X=6,Y=7

if (typeof myvariable="number") ...

Undefined - variable created but no value assigned

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Math operators
+    -    *    /    ^    %    

++    --
Identities:	===     !==			//same for numbers and strings

Logical;       &&   ||   !       // same for numbers and strings
Conditional:  (expr)?(trueexp):(false:exp)

new	- is an operator to create new objects

In doing comparision, JavaScript attempt to convert strings to numbers 
(if comparison types are mixed)

4 false values are:		0     ""     null     undefined
all else are true

(a=0) && (b=12)		// if left is false, right side is not evaluate (short circuit function)

Comparison Operators:
==   Equal to
!=   Not equal
>
>=
<
<=

&& and   - both are the "and" function
|| or    - both are the "or" function
Not      - returns negation of expression

Assignment:
=        - simple equal sign
+=       - adds value on right to variable on left. stores on left
-=       - substrates value on right from variable on left. stores on left
*=       - multiplies variable on left by value on right. stores on left
/=       - divides variable on left by value on right. stores on left
&=       - performs "and" on both values. stores on left

Boolean:
False = any expression that evaluates to 0
True  = any expression that evaluates to a number other than 0

Special Operators:
?        - (condition) ? trueValue : falseValue
typeof   - typeof myvariable

Example of using ? operator:
result = (cats > dogs) ? "yes" : "no"

Example of using typeof operator
if (typeof myvariable="number") ...



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Single or double qutoes are allowed
Double quotes (") and single quotes (') are interchangeable

JavaScript does not interpolate within quotes
JavaScript uses escape character "\" for inside quotes  examples     \n   \t  \"  \'  \\
x = "my name is \"mary\", what is yours     // puts "mary" into the string

a = b+c+d;				string concatenation
document.writeln(bold_tech + "<br>"); 	uses concatenation inside a write-line statement

strings are objects!
string positions are zero based (leftmost character is 0)

JavaScript has no string formatting function

x = new String("Yes")      	//both of these are equivalent
x = "yes"		//creates object just like above.  x has properties/methods of string object

size = x.length			//shows how to use string property
size = "yes".length		//shows how to use string property
size = prompt("Enter").length	//shows how to use string property
size = MyFunction().length	//shows how to use string property

MyString.italics().bold().fontcolor("red")	//you can use multiple methods on a single line

Properties:
   length
   prototypes

Methods
   Formatting
      anchor
      big
      blink
      bold
      fixed
      fontcolor
      fontsize
      italics
      link
      small
      strike
      sub
      sup
   Substrings (find)
      indexOf
      lastIndexOf
   Substrings (extract)
      charAt
      slice
      substr
      charCodeAt
      split
      substring
   RegExpression
      match
      replace
      search
   Other
      concat
      toLowerCase
      fromCharCode
      toUpperCase

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- Tutorial 06 - Conditional Flow
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Conditionals:

use 'break' to drop out of loop
use 'continue' to drop out of current iteration of the loop

if (condition)
   { Block }
else
   { Block }

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Examples:
if ((age < 21) && (drinking_alcohol == "yes"))
{ document.writeln("Hey! You're too young to drink here!"); } 

if ((variable_1 == "bananas") || (variable_1 == "JavaScript")) 
{ document.writeln("The monkey is happy because it has " + variable_1); } 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

switch (expression) {
  case "dog" :
    statements
    break
  case "cat" :
    statements
    break
  default :
    statements
}

for (i=0; i<10; i++)
  { Block }


do
  { Block }
while (condition)

while (condition)
    { Block }

for (myvariable in object)
    { Block }

for (myvar in wine1)
  {record += 1}
document.write (record)

with (object)
  { Block }
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function MyFunction (arg1, arg2, arg3)
   { Block }

function MyFunction ()		//parentheses are required even if it has no arguments

function MyWriteFunction (whattoprint)
   {
     document.write whattoprint
     return "my answer"
   }

To call a function:
MyFunction()
MyFunction (arg1, arg2, arg3)     //passed parameters can be arrays (don't need () in argument list)

Built-in functions:
1. isNaN
2. eval
3. parseInt
4. parseFloat
5. escape
6. unescape

arguments	// arguments are declared automatically - don't have to use 'var' to declare them
		// if all needed arguments are not passed, the function assigns 'undefined' to them
		// are passed by value. original variable is not changed
		// arguments can be objects, which are passed BY REF (

return 6		//functions return values
return true	//functions return values
return MyVar	//functions return values

scope	// variables created in function are "function level"/local - can be seen only within function
	// variables created outside functiona re "page-level"/global - can be seen anywhere on documents

without a return, no value is returned (undefined is returned)?
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Arrays
var colors = new Array("red","blue","green"); 
var the_element = colors[0]; 

... Now that you have an array, what can you do with it? The good thing
about arrays is that elements of an array can be accessed by number. 
The first element is number 0 and can be accessed like this:  

var X = new Array()
var X = new Array(5)		// sets array to length of 5
var X = new Array(1,2,3,4,5)	// sets array to lenght of 5 and initializes the values

var colors = new Array ("red","blue","green");

x = colors[0];					# first element of an array is zero 0

x = colors.length		# an array is an object.  length is property of array - number of elements (not last index number)

JavaScript does not support multidimensional arrays

Propertes:	length	prototype
Methods (result is array)		conact		reverse		slice		sort
Methods (result is string)		join		toString
Methods (Netscape 4 only)	pop/push	shift/unshift	splice


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Objects have properties and methods


variables are objects - have properties and methods

X = myobject["property_name"] = 6

object.property = "value"   // literal string or number

var MyVar = window.open("hello.html","html_name","width=200,height=200");   //variable can be made to refer to an object

x = object.method();	// shows how to use methods
			// note that the parentheses are required, even though the method has no arguments
			// the parentheses () provide a visual that a function/method is being used
x = x.toUpperCase();	// uses the variable method to change its case
x = x.fontcolor('red');	// uses the variable method to change fontcolor

X = document.forms(0).elements(0).name
X = document.MyForm.MyText.name

you can add properties or methods at will
- property - simply assign
- methods  - create function first i.e., such as oldfunction
                   - myobj.newmethodname=oldfunction

you can create a new object of your own creation:
- define structure		function AnyObject (a,b,c){
				this.a 
				this.b
			}
- create instance		X = new AnyObject


Web Page Objects:
document
table
form
button
image
link


Built-in Objects
- string
- math
- date
- array
- option
- function

How to use objects in a window:
The first image in an HTML document is document.images[0]
the second is document.images[1], and so on. 

If you want to know how many images are in a document, you can 
find out by checking the length of the images array: 
document.images.length. 

On a web page with a form named "myform", access the form with:
window.document.myform

On a web page with a form named "myform", access the form with:
window.document.myform

Common Properties/ Methods  ----------------------------------------------
methods are always followed by parenthesis, whether they have arguments or not
window
methods:
open     window.open("URL","name","features");
close    
blur
focus
properties:
status    window.status="hello";

document
methods:
writeln   window.writeln("test line of text");    // add \n character
write     window.writeln("test line of text");    // does not add \n character
properties:	

array     
methods:
properties:
length    document.images.length   --  gives number of images in the document

date
methods:
getSeconds
getMinutes
getHours
properties:
length    document.images.length   --  gives number of images in the document

Sample .open usage
window.open("URL","name","location,menubar");
window.open("URL","name","location=no,status=no");
window.open("URL","name","location,height=100,width=100");


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JavaScript Document Object Model
Object Heirarchy:

Browser --- plugins
  |     |-- mimeTypes
  |
Window           window.open("URL","name","features"); 
  |
  |-- frames
  |                     
  |-- location          
  |                     
  |-- history
  |
  |-- Package
  |
  |-- document
         |               |-- Texturea
         |-- anchors     |-- Text
         |-- applets     |-- FileUpload
         |-- area        |-- Password
         |-- forms ------|-- Hidden
         |-- images      |-- Submit
         |-- links       |-- Reset
         |-- layer       |-- Radio
         |-- plugin      |-- Checkbox
         |-- embeds      |-- Button
                         |-- Select  --  options

Window Properties:
menubar - include File, Edit, ... etc.
status  - message bar at the bottom of your window
scrollbars - 
resizable - when available, window can be resized
width - width of the window in pixels. 
height - height of the window in pixels. 
toolbar - browser toolbar, which contains the Back, Forward, Stop ...  buttons
location - text area of a browser into which you can type URLs. 


Form  -------------------------------------------------------------------

ways to reference a form (window part can be optional)
- window.document.forms[index]		
- window.document.forms["name"]		
- window.documents.forms.name
. window.document.name

Properties
   action
   elements
   enctype
   length
   method
   name
   target

Methods
   submit
   reset

Ways to reference elements
- form.elements[index]
- form.elements["name"]
- form.name

Elements
   command buttons
      submit, reset, button
   text elements
      text
      password
      fileupload
      textarea
      hidden
   buttons
      radio
      checkbox
   lists
      select (single)
      select (multiple)
      option

Common properties of elements
- form
- name
- type

text
Property: value
Methods: blur, focus, handleEvent, select
Events: blur, change, focus, select, keydown, keypress, keyup

textarea
Property: value
Methoods: blur, focus, handleEvent, select
Events: keydown, keypress, keyup

password
Property: value
Methoods: blur, focus, handleEvent, select
Events: keydown, keypress, keyup

fileupload
Property: value
Methoods: blur, focus, handleEvent, select
Events: blur, change, focus

hidden
Property: value
Methoods: -
Events: -

checkbox
Property: checked, value, checked
Methoods: click, handleEvent
Events: click, mouseDown, mouseUp

radio
Property: checked, value, length
Methoods: click, handleEvent
Events: click, mouseDown, mouseUp

select
Property: length, options, selectedIndex
Methoods: blur, focus, handleEvent
Events: blur, change, focus

option
Property: index, selected, text, value
Methoods: -
Events: -

Cookies -------------------------------------------------------

document.cookie = "cookiename=cookievalue"
x = document.cookie          //   x becomes "name1=value; name2=value2"   there is a space after the ;

Xarray = document.cookie.split ("; ")    // note the space
Xarray[0] = "name1=value1"
Xarray[1] = "name2=value2'

no spaces/commas/semicolons allowed in cookie

document.cookie = "state"+escape("New York")	// to handle spaces in cookie (*cannot have spaces otherwise)
X = unescape(document.cookie)			// reverses the escape action

document.cookie = "name=value";expires=GMT_string"	// persistent cookies

cookie parameters:	expires	path	domain	secure


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Math object ----------------------------------

Properties:   	e	ln2	log2e	log10e	pi	sqrt1_2	sqrt2	ln10
Methods (trig):	abs	acos	asin	atan	cos	exp	log	sin
Methods(misc):	ceil	floor	max	min	pow(x,y)	random	round	

ceil(n)		smallest integer >=n
floor(n)		largest integer <=n
round		integer closest to n (0.5 rounds up)

random	- uses current time as seed
	- between (but not inclusive) 0 and 1
	-  X = math.floor ( (upper-lower+1) * math.random() + lower )   //randome upper to lower



Date object -------------------------
date is kept as milliseconds since GMT Jan 1, 1970 (is stored as ms)
before that is negative time
JavaScript is always local time from user's computer
GMT is 5 hours ahead of Eastern time
GMT is same as UTC



MyDate = new date()	// MyDate is automatically set to current date and time

5 versions of date syntax
	mydate = new date("month dd, yyyy hh:mm:ss")
	mydate = new date("month dd, yyyy")
	mydate = new date("yyyy, mth, dd, hh, mm ss") 
	mydate = new date("yy, mth, dd")
	mydate = new date(ms)

Methods:	mydate.getFullYear()	//  1999, 2000, ...
		mydate.getYear()		// 2 digit (browser dependent - dont' use)
		mydate.getMonth()	// 0-11
		mydate.getDate()		//day of month 0-31
		mydate.getHours()	// 0 to 23,   0 is midnight
		mydate.getMinutes()	// 0 to 59
		mydate.getSeconds()	// 0 to 59
		mydate.getMilliseconds()	// 0 to 999   milliseconds of the second
		mydate.getTime()		// milliseconds since Jan 1, 1970, GMT

document.write (MyDate) ----->   Thu Aug 23  03:02:01  EDT 2001

--------- Properties and Methods ---------------------------------------------------------------------

String:
Properties:
 length
Methods:
 anchor
 big
 blink
 bold
 charAt
 fixed
 fontColor
 fontSize
 indexOf
 italics
 lastOf
 link
 small
 strike
 sub
 substring
 sup
 toLowerCase
 toUpperCase


Math:
Properties:
 E
 LN2
 LN10
 LOG2E
 LOG10E
 PI
 SQRT1_2
 SQRT2

Methods:
 abs
 acos
 asin
 atan
 ceil
 cos
 exp
 floor
 log
 max
 min
 pow
 random
 round
 sin
 sqrt
 tan


Date:
Properties:
 None
Methods:
 getDate
 getDay
 getHours
 getMinutes
 getMonth
 getSeconds
 getTime
 getTimeZoneOffset
 getYear
 setData
 setHours
 setMinutes
 setMonth
 setSeconds
 setTime
 setYear

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- Tutorial 12 - Objects - event handlers
JavaScript
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Event handlers
- are code that is called when an event occurs.
- can be placed in any HTML tag pair

Syntax for an event handler is:  
<tag attribute attribute onEventName="javascript code;">

You can have multiple event handlers inside an HTML tag

The "javascript code;" can be multiple lines of code,
or a single line jammed together

- written in JavaScript
- placed in the HTML tage which creates the object on which the event acts
- put in the HTML tags for the object which receives the event
- you can redirect eventhandlers to functions which handle the event

<a href="#" onClick="alert('Hello');">Click</a><br>                 //1 event handler in a tag
<a href="#" onClick="alert('Hello');" onMouseOver="alert('Hello');">Click</a><br>	//multiple event handlers in a tag
<a href="#" onClick="Update()">Click</a><br>					// redirect to function Update()

Window and Document eventhandlers go in <body> tag
Form eventhandlers go in <form> tag          // see p146 for special information

document.onClick = "MyFunction()"          // event handlers are properties of that object!
'this' keyword refers to the object in which the attirbute is contained

onClick = "location:'my.gif'"                                                        // has browser display this image
onClick = "location:'http://www.vbinformation.com'"            // sends browser to the new URL



Common Events
-------------------------------------------
abort
blue        window, frame, all form objects (except hidden)
change      fileupload, text, textarea, select, ?password
click	      link, button, submit, reset, checkbox, radio   (false to cancel)
dblclick    document, image, link, button, submit, reset, checkbox, radio
error 
focus       window, frame, all form objects (except hidden)
keydown     document, image, link, fileupload, text, textarea, ?password  (false to cancel)
keyup	      document, image, link, fileupload, text, textarea, ?password  (false to cancel)
keypress    document, image, link, fileupload, text, textarea, ?password  (false to cancel)
load

JavaScript supports these event handlers
---------------------------------------------
onClick      - click on form element or link
onChange     - change value of text, textarea, or select element
onFocus      - form element gets input focus
onBlur       - form element loses input focus
onMouseOver  - mouse over a link or anchor
onMouseOut   - mouse leaves link or anchor
onSelect     - user selects form element's input field
onSubmit     - submit a form
onResize     - browser window is resized
onLoad       - window loads
onUnload     - window unloads

Example:
<a href="" onMouseOver="popupFunc();">

Example:
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me!" onClick="MyFunction()"
<input type="button" value="Click Me!" onClick="alert('Hi')"
<input type="button" value="Click Me!" onClick="prompt('I need data!')"
</form>

Example:
<input type="text" name="first_text" onFocus="writeIt('focus');" 
onBlur="writeIt('blur');" onChange="writeIt('change');">

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Ask for password
JavaScript
dialog

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while (answer != password) 
{ answer = prompt("Please enter the passwor!?",""); }

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Display message when form loads
JavaScript
dialog

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<body onLoad="alert('Hello')">
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Get value from user
JavaScript
dialog

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var results = prompt("Type in your answer?", "default answer"); 
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Popup window
JavaScript
dialog

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function {
     alert("Hello World!");
}

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Image swap
JavaScript
graphics

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<a href="#" onMouseOver="document.firstimage.src='secondimage.gif';"> 
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Change all images on a page
JavaScript
images

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for (var loop = 0; loop < 
document.images.length; loop++)
{
	document.images[loop].src = 'spacer.gif';
}

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Infinite loops
JavaScript
loops

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// first version
while (true) {statements}

// second version
do {statements} while (true)
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Random value
JavaScript
math

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X = math.floor ( (upper-lower+1) * math.random() + lower )   


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Round a value
JavaScript
math

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X = X * math.pow(10,n)
X = math.round(x)
X = X * math.pow(10,n)


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Change status bar content on mouseover
JavaScript
mouse

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<a href="#" onMouseOver="window.status='New text!';return true;">Mouse me for an answer!</a> 
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onClick and MouseOver event examples
JavaScript
mouse

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--onClick and onMouseOver event samples (link events)
<html>
<head>
<title>Link Event Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Link Events</h1>
<a href="#" onClick="alert('You clicked me!');">Click on me!</a><br>
<a href="#" onMouseOver="alert('You moused me!');">Mouse over me!</a><br>
</body>
</html>

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Display all event handlers of an object
JavaScript
navigation

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document.onClick is a property of document, so use FOREACH to walk through
for (var X in Form) {
  document.write(X+'<br>')}
      or
  document.write Forms[X] }


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Go back one page
JavaScript
navigation

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history.back
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Stop a form from reloading the page when you click on a Submit button
JavaScript
navigation

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put  onSubmit="return false;" in the <form> tag 
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Stop browser from jumping to top of page when link is clicked
JavaScript
navigation

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// Using the # sign may cause the browser to 
// jump to the top of the page 
// when the link is clicked. To stop that from 
// happening, change the link to this:

<a href="#"onClick="alert('Ooo, do it again!'):return false;">Click on me!</a> 
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External source for script
JavaScript
syntax

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<script language="JavaScript" src="myjava.js">
</script>
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Show time/day visitor comes to a web page
JavaScript
write

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<script LANGUAGE="JavaScript"> 

//This script posts the exact day and time you arrived 

RightNow = new Date();
document.write("Today's date is " + (RightNow.getMonth()+1)+ 
"-" + RightNow.getDate() + "-" + RightNow.getFullYear() + ". 
You entered this Web Page at exactly: " + RightNow.getHours() + 
":" + RightNow.getMinutes() + " and " + RightNow.getSeconds() + 
" seconds")

</script> 
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Write text to HTML page (write line)
JavaScript
write

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document.writeln("<b>Hello people");	// write a specific text string
document.writeln(MyVar);			// write the value of a variable
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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
Outlook
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Outlook is an application, not a language but it contains
the Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications langauge.

Please use the online code update 
(using the File > Import menu option)
to check for new code releases.

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- Tutorial 01 - Simple Perl script
Perl
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#Put the following two lines in a text file, such as myscript.pl:

#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Hello World";

That's it - the entire Perl script.  To run the program type
in the following at the command line:

perl myscript.pl


#The Perl executable reads the text file
#and executes any statements it finds.

#The first line "#!/usr/bin/perl is the location
#of the Perl executable.  Is only needed in 
#UNIX.  It is not needed in Windows.

#Text after the # symbol is treated as comments


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- Tutorial 02 - Using Perl on the web (CGI)
Perl
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Perl scripts often reside on a server and may be called into action via submission of a form from a web page.

In its most common usage, a Perl script responds to the request from a form and creates a web page (text file
that is formatted to HTML standards) that is returned to the requestor - dynamic page generation.

Here's a sample calling HTML page, which has a form with a single submit button that sends a 
request to the server to run the Perl script called decide.pl.

<html><head></head><body>
<h2>Decide</h2>
<form action= "/cgi-bin/decide.pl" method="get"><input type="submit" value="decide"></form>
</body</html>

Here's the script that would be run:

#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n"; 
print "<html><head></head><body>";
print "Your answer is " + $answer;
print "</body></html>

In general, the output of the Perl program (via the print statement) is fed to the HTTP server, which
in turns sends it back to the requestor.  The first line of the script provides the only HTTP header
information needed for the browser to correctl interpret the output of the script as an HTML page.

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- Tutorial 03 - Overview
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Perl source code is simply lines of text (a script) which the perl.exe program 
executes one by one, starting from the top.

Perl has a very loose formatting requirement
- freespace to left of statement is ignored - indent all you want
- freespace anywhere except in string literals is ignored
- end all statements in semicolon ;
- anything on a line after a # is ignored - is a comment
- Perl executes top to bottom
- Sub routines can be placed anywhere within the code - convention is at bottom
- Sub routines can be referenced before they appear
- Perl is case sensitive
- () parenthesis, when normally used, are optional
- term "escape" is means to prevent character from being interpolated within quotes

Data types
$   scalar (numbers and strings)
@   arrays
%   associative arrays
&   Subroutines

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- Tutorial 04 - Variables
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Variables can be number or strings. Perl handles the conversions.

Variables start with $                            $string = "Gary Beene" 
Arrays start with @                              @myarray
Associative arrays begins with %         %myarray

You create a variable by using it. No separation definition or dimensioning is required.

$myvar = 5

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- Tutorial 05 - Operators
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0     is False
"0"   is False
""    is False
undef is False

all else is True

print True;   # prints a blank
print False;  # prints a blank

undef     # variables which have not been set have a value of undef
          # using -w will catch
          # some functions return undef on failure

Numeric:
$x==$y    True if $x equals $y
$x > $y
$X < $y
$x >= $y
$x <= $y
$x != $y  True is $x is not equal to $y

AlphaNumeric:
$x eq $y
$x gt $y
$x lt $y
$x ge $y 
$x le $y
$x ne $y

Logical Operators:

And/Or/Not can each be written in two ways:
&&   and       #  $a && $b     $a and $b
||   or        #  $a || $b     $a or $b
!    not       #  ! $b      not $b

Special operators:
$c++            # same as $c = $c + 1
$c--            # same as $c = $c - 1
$a+=3           # same as $a = $a + 3
$y*=$x          # same as $y = $y * $x
$r%=67          # same as $r = $r % 67

qq()            # quote-quote (double quotes)
q()             # quote (single quote - no interpolation)
qw()            # list with no interpolation (uses whitespace to separate list items)
$#myarray       # used to resize @myarray



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- Tutorial 06 - Strings
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$mystring = "Gary Beene"
$mystring = 'Gary Beene'

$total = $mystring1 + $mystring2

Single or double quotes are allowed.
If double quotes are used, variables placed inside the quotes are replaced with their value (interpolated).
If single quotes are used, interpolation is not performed.

Example:
$mystring1 = "X"
$mystring2 = "aaa$mystring1bbb"

In this example, $mystring2 contains "aaaXbbb"

Some important built-in Perl string functions include:

split     

1.  @myarray = split (/ /,"The dog is mine")    # split string into array
                                                # / / gives pattern for the split
2.  @myarray = split (//, "The dog is mine")    # // splits string into individual characters
3.  @myarray = split ("The dog is ming")        # if // is left out, whitespace is used
4.  @myarray = split (/,/)                      # if string is left out, split uses $_
5.  ($a, $b, $c) = split(/,/,"One,Two,Three")   # string is split and assigned to variables

join

1.  @myarray = join (/ /, ($a, $b, $c)    # split string into array
                                                # / / gives pattern for the split
2.  @myarray = split (//, "The dog is mine")    # // splits string into individual characters
3.  @myarray = split ("The dog is ming")        # if // is left out, whitespace is used
4.  @myarray = split (/,/)                      # if string is left out, split uses $_
5.  ($a, $b, $c) = split(/,/,"One,Two,Three")   # string is split and assigned to variables


reverse   1. string  $newstring = reverse "1234"   # reverses the string
          2. array   @newarray = reverse @myarray  # reverses the elements

search
    1. index        index string, substring, start_position    # return position of substring
                                                               # 0 is far left position
    2. rindex       index string, substring, start_position    # from right, not left
    3. substr       string, offset, length                     # extract part of a string
                                                               # negative offset start from right

replace
    substr ($a,0,1) = "replacestring"    # replace 1st character with replacestring
    substr ($a,0,0) = "replacestring"    # put string at front of replacestring
    substr ($a,-7,7) = "replacestring"   # replace last 7 characters with replacestring

    tr/searchlist/replacementlist        # replace 1st list with 2nd list  
           tr/ABC/XYZ/;                  # replace A's with X's, B's with Y's, C's, with Z's
                                         # work on $_
 


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- Tutorial 07 - Conditional Flow
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Perl has 4 loop modifiers:    while, until, for, foreach

if (expression)
  BLOCK
elsif
  BLOCK
else
  BLOCK

while (expression) BLOCK      # while(1) BLOCK  will loop forever.  use "last" to exit

for ( initialization; test; increment) BLOCK

last   					# exit while once current loop is complete
        					# example:   last if ($i == 10)
redo    					# redo
next 					# next
goto LABEL				# absolute flow control

foreach $element (@myarray)  		# $element is a reference to each value of @myarray
   { print "$element\n"}     			# the (@myarray) can also be a list ("one", "two", "three")

until (expression) Block     

Label-control statements    		# label can be used with next/last/redo to control looping

next   		# jumps to the next iteration         - if used with label, jumps to loop marked by label
last   		# immediately breaks out of the loop  - if used with label, jumps to loop marked by label
redo   		# causes loop to execute again        - if used with label, jumps to loop marked by label

LBL:  foreach (@fruit)   {
                Foreach $place (@state)   {
                    last LBL if $place eq "Texas";		# use of label drops out of nested loops!
	}
        }

Simplest is to execute a statement based on True/False condition of an expression:

# Perl has four modifiers: if, unless, while, until

if (test-expression) BLOCK            # primary format
   -or-
(expression) if (test-expression)     # alternate format lets if come last
                                      # example:   last if ($i == 10)

Examples of modifier at end of line:

$max = 100 if $min < 100 ;            # executes first statement if ($min < 100) is True
print "Success" unless $error > 2;    
$total++ while $total < 500           # executes repeatedly
$a = $a + 6 until $a > 100            # executes repeatedly


Compound statements:
Execution of expressions can depend on other expressions using one of the modifiers if, unless, while or until, for example:

EXPR1 if EXPR2 ; 
EXPR1 until EXPR2 ; 

The logical operators ||, && or ?: also allow conditional execution:
EXPR1 || EXPR2 ; 
EXPR1 ? EXPR2 : EXPR3 ; 

Statements can be combined to form a BLOCK when enclosed in {}. Blocks may be used to control flow:
if (EXPR) BLOCK [ [ elsif (EXPR) BLOCK ... ] else BLOCK ] 
unless (EXPR) BLOCK [ else BLOCK ] 
[ LABEL: ] while (EXPR) BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ] 
[ LABEL: ] until (EXPR) BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ] 
[ LABEL: ] for (EXPR; EXPR; EXPR) BLOCK 

[ LABEL: ] foreach VAR† (LIST) BLOCK 
[ LABEL: ] BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ] 

Program flow can be controlled with:

goto LABEL	Continue execution at the specified label.	
last [ LABEL ]	Immediately exits the loop in question. Skips continue block.	
next [ LABEL ]	Starts the next iteration of the loop.	
redo [ LABEL ] 	Restarts the loop block without evaluating the conditional again.	

Special forms are:
do BLOCK while EXPR ; 
do BLOCK until EXPR ; 
which are guaranteed to perform BLOCK once before testing EXPR, and


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- Tutorial 08 - Arrays
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pop @myarray                 # remove from top of array
push @myarray, new_list      # add to top of array - return removed item

shift @myarray               # remove from bottom of array - return removed item
unshift @myarray, new_list   # add to bottom of array

pop/shift/unshift/push act on @_ in a subroutine  (if not specified)
pop/shift/unshift/push act on @ARGV outside a subroutine (if not specified)

splice @myarray, offset                # remove elements starting from offset
splice @myarray, offset, length        # only remove length elements
splice @myarray, offset, length, list  # replace removed elements with list 

@sortedarray = sort @myarray           # sort by ASCII

Range operators:
(1..10)           #range operator
(1..10, 21..30)   #range operator
(a..z)            #range operator
(aa..zz)          #range operator

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- Tutorial 09 - Associative array
Perl
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# associative array is a list of values indexed by strings (called keys)
# a regular array uses numbers for indexes, starting with 0

%myhash  = ("Name", "Gary", "Age", 51)   # key-value pairs
# assign list to hash

$myhash{'Name'} = "Billy"              # assign single k-v pair
$a = $myhash{'Name'}                   # assign hash value to variable

@keylist   = keys @MyHash          # keys function retrieves all the keys of a hash
# random order
@valuelist = values @MyHash        # values function retrieves all values of a hash
# same order as keys
@reversehash = reverse @MyHash     # reverses key-value pairs (keys become values)
# duplicate values are dropped
$num_keys = scalar keys %hash      # find number of entries in a hash array

%hash = %myhash                  # copies entire %myhash into %hash2

Iterate over a hash

1.  foreach $key ( keys %MyHash)             # 'keys %myhash' creates list of all keys
{ print "$key :$MyHash{$key} \n"; }    # print each key, then its value

2.  while ( ($key , $vlaue) = each %MyHash)  # goes through keys 1 at a time
{ print "$key :$MyHash{$key} \n"; }    # print each key, then its value

delete a key:       delete $Hash{keyvalue}
remove all keys:    %Hash = ()

reverse the key/value pairs:    %reversehash = reverse %hasharray


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- Tutorial 10 - Subroutines
Perl
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sub mysubroutine                             # Example:     sub yesno
    BLOCK                                    # Note no arguments listed in the "sub" line
{ print "you made it!"; }                    # there is no fixed number of arguments
                                        

To call a subroutine:   $mysubroutine();     # ok anywhere in the Perl code
                              -or-           
                        mysubroutine();      # if sub was already defined in the code
                              -or-
                        $mysubroutine ($var1, 23.5, "mother")   # includes arguments
                              -or-
                        $mysubroutine $var1, 23.5, "mother"     # without () if sub already seen

Returning a value:     all subroutines return a single value - can be scalar, array, assoc array
                       default is to return the last expression's value
                              -or-
                       return (expression)   # example:  return ($temp) --> return a scalar value
                                             # example:  return (0) --> return a specific value
                                             # example:  return (@myarray) --> return an array

Sub test
   { print "hi"
     $result;          # to clarify return value, put the value to be returned on the last line
   }                    
              
Pass values to subroutine:  $mysubroutine ($var1, 23.5, "mother")     # includes arguments

Retrieve returned values:   @_ is an array that has all the passed arguments
                            To simplify access to @_, use:  ($a, $b, $c) = @_
                            To simplify as above, pass scalar variables first, then array
                            You can effectively pass only 1 array to sub (and keep it distinct)
                            $_[0] is the 0th element of the array @_
                            $_[2] has nothing to do with scalar special variable $_
                            If you change a value of @_, the passed argument changes also
                            To retrieve multiple arrays, use references

Pure function:  can be used by another program without relying on context it's being called in

Subroutine example:
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
#
# Declare and Define subrouting MY_SUB
# call MY_SUB three times

#
# subroutine MY_SUB
#
sub MY_SUB
{
  local ( $param_1, $param_2 ) = @_ ;
  print "\n Called MY_SUB \n \t $param_1 \n \t $param_2 \n" ;
}

#
# MAIN part of the program 
#
for ( $i=0; $i<3; $i++ )
{
  &MY_SUB ( "text", 123 ) ;
}

#
# DONE
#


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- Tutorial 11 - Databases
Perl
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:21
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dbmopen (%myhash, "hashname", 0644);    # opens hashname.pag & hashname.dir
dbmclose (%myhash);

# change the %myhash values changes the content of the dbm file
# %myhash content before dbmopen is removed
# %myhash content after dbmclose is removed


delete $Hash{keyvalue}    # delete a pair
%Hash = ()                # remove all entries


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- Tutorial 12 - Regular expressions
Perl
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:21
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/xxx/ is a string between slashes. The string is called a Regular Expression 

($a =~ /abc/)       # the expression is true if "abc" is found in $a
$string =~ /the/    # is True if "the" is in the variable $string 
$string !~ /the/    # is True if "the" is NOT in the variable $string 

Special characters between the slashes affect how the matching is tested 

match            m//      # m/abc/ matches if abc is found in $_
substitute       s///     # s/abc/123/ substitue 123 for abc
list matching    grep     #

metacharacters    \n newline
                  \t TAB
                  .  any single character
                  *
                  ?

character class   [abcde]     # match any of a,b,c,d,e
                  [a-e]       # match any of a,b,c,d,e
                  [0-9]       # match a digit
                  [*!@#$%&()] # match any of these punctuation marks
                  ^           # caret as first character negates the match

anchors           /^xxx/      # matches if line starts with xxx
                  /$xxx/      # matches if line ends with xxx


Assertions:  used to anchor parts of the pattern       Example        Matches   Doesn't Match
             to word or string boundaries
   ^   start of string                                 ^fool          folish       tomfoolery
   $   end of string                                   fool$          April fool   foolish
   \b  word boundary                                   be\bside       be side      beside
   \B  nonword boundary                                be\Bside       beside       bd side

Atoms:  building blocks of a regular expression
   .   any character                                   b.b            bob          bb
   []  list of characters in brackets                  ^[Bb]          Bob, bob     Rbob
   ()  regular expression                              ^a(b.b)c$      abobc        abbc

Quantifiers:  modifier for an atom
   *      zero or more instances of the atom           ab*c           ac, abc      abb      
   +      one or more instances of the atom            ab+c           abc          ac
   ?      zero or one instances of the atom            ab?c           ac, abc      abbc
   {n}    n instances of the atom                      ab{2}c         abbc         abbbc
   {n,}   at least n instances of the atom             ab{2,}c        abbc, abbbc  abc
   {n,m}  at least n, at most m instances of the atom  ab{2,3}c       abbc         abbbbc

Special Characters: \n 
   \d   any digit                                      b\dd           b4d          bad
   \D   nondigit                                       b\Dd           bdd          b4d
   \n   newline
   \t   TAB
   \s   white space character
   \S   non white space char
   \w   alphanumeric char                              a\wb           a2b          a^b
   \W   nonalphanumeric char                           a\Wb           aa^b         aabb

Match Options:
   g    perform global matching - even after first match has been found
   i    perform case-insensitive matching
   o    evaluate regular expresssion one time only

Backreferences:
When performing matches, you can direct Perl to track all of the parts of the string
in which the match succeeded.  The results will be stored in variables $1 $2 ...
    
Examples:
$string =~ /^x/ tests for x at the start of the string 
$string =~ /$x/ tests for x at the end of the string 
$string =~ /./ tests for any single character 
$string =~ /t.e/ tests for t and e separated by any one character 
$string =~ /^$/ tests for a string with nothing in it 
$string =~ /[a-z]/ test for any one character of any lower case letter 
$string =~ /[a-zA-Z]/ test for any one character of any letter 
$string =~ s/dog/cat/ replaces dog with cat first time it appears in the string 
$string =~ s/dog/cat/gi replaces dog with cat anywhere in the string, case insensitive 


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- Tutorial 13 - File handling
Perl
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:21
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<   open for reading - default
>   open for writing
>>  open for appending
+<  open for both reading and writing
+>  open for both reading and writing

| (before file name)   treat file as command into which Perl is to pipe text
| (after file name)    treat file as command from which input is to be piped to Perl


<>  # special operator for reading from files
    # returns 1 line if used in scalar context
    # returns all lines is used in array context


--- Open for reading:
open (filehandle, pathname)         # make up your own name for filehandle
open (Handle, "file.txt")           # returns nonzero value if open is successful
open (Handle, "file.txt") || die    # right side is not executed if open is successful
open (Handle, 'c:\temp\file.txt')   # note single quotes that allows use of backslash
                                    # if Handle is re-used, old file is closed

close (Handle)                     

$filedata = <fHandle>         # read one line from the file into the scalar $filedata
@filedata = <fHandle>         # read all lines from the file into the array @filedata

<> angle operator used for reading/writing files
$c=<STDIN>;      # reads from a keyboard (also gets the newline character)
chomp $c;        # removes the newline character

while (defined ($a=<MYFILE>))
   { print $a ; }

while (<MYFILE>)              # while puts input line int0 special variable $_ until EOF
   { print $_ ; }

--- Open for writing:
open (filehandle, ">pathname")      # open to overwrite
open (filehandle, ">>pathname")     # open to append
 
--- Write to file:
print MYFILE LIST                   # no comma (except in list)

--- File Test Operators:
$a = (-e 'file.txt')      # True if file exists
$a = (-s 'file.txt')      # returns size of file in bytes
$a = (-d 'c:\temp')       # True if 'c:\temp' is a directory

--- Rename a file:
rename($old, $new);

--- to delete line at end of a file, use 'tell' and 'truncate' statements

--- Read a single character from a file:  use the 'getc' function


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- Tutorial 14 - Command Summary
Perl
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:21
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int       int(50.5)           # returns integer portion,    use printf function for rounding)
length    length ("mylist")   # length of string
lc        uc("Dog Star")      # lower case
uc        uc("dog star")      # upper case
cos       cos(50)             # cosine in radians
rand      rand(5)             # random number 0 to less than argument,  0-1 if argument omitted
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- Tutorial 15 - Common mistakes
Perl
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:21
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Adapted from Programming Perl, page 361. 
Testing "all-at-once" instead of incrementally, either bottom-up or top-down. 
Optimistically skipping print scaffolding to dump values and show progress. 
Not running with the perl -w switch to catch obvious typographical errors. 
Leaving off $ or @ or % from the front of a variable, or omitting & when invoking a subroutine in Perl 4. 
Forgetting the trailing semicolon. 
Forgetting curly braces around a block. 
Unbalanced (), {}, [], "", '', ``, and sometimes <>. 
        Mixing '' and "", or / and \. 
Using == instead of eq, != instead of ne, = instead of ==, etc. ('White' == 'Black') and ($x = 5) evaluate as (0 == 0) and (5) and thus are true! 
Using "else if" instead of "elsif". 
Not chopping the output of backquotes `date` or not chopping input: 
    print "Enter y to proceed: ";
    $ans = <STDIN>;
    chop $ans;
    if ($ans eq 'y') { print "You said y\n";}
    else { print "You did not say 'y'\n";}
Putting a comma after the file handle in a print statement. 
Forgetting that Perl array subscripts and string indexes normally start at 0, not 1. 
Using $_, $1, or other side-effect variables, then modifying the code in a way that unknowingly affects or is affected by these. 
        Forgetting that regular expressions are greedy, seeking the longest match not the shortest match. 


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Does an array contain an element
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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$is_there = grep $_ eq $whatever, @array;    # why author didn't like it?
$is_there = grep /$whatever/, @array;        # why author didn't like it?


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Extract unique elements of an array
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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$prev = 'nonesuch'
@out = grep($_ ne $prev && ($prev = $_) , @in);

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look up a hash by value
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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%by_value = reverse %by_key
$key = $by_value($value)


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modify each element of an array #2
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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for (@radii) {
   $_ **=3;
   $_ *= (4/3) * 3.14159; 
}


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print lines r through s of an array
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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open (SOURCE, "file.txt");
@all = <SOURCE>;                  # put all lines in an array
close (SOURCE)

open (DEST, "file2.txt");   
print DEST @all[$r-$s] ;       # print lines r through s
close (DEST)

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print only the first n elements of an array to a file
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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open(DEST, "test.txt")
$i=1;
foreach (DEST) {
   print DEST $_ ;
   last if $i==9 ;             # print only 9 items
   $i++;
}
close (DEST)

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process an entire hash
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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while (($key,$value) = each %hash) {
      print "$key = $value\n";
}

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randomly extract from an array until all are gone
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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for  (0 .. $#myarray) {			# 
    $index = int(rand $#myarray);
    print “$myarray[$index] ;
    splice @myarray, $index, 1
}
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select random element from an array
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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srand;                     # not needed for 5.004 and later
$index = rand @array
$element = $array[$index]

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shuffle an array randomly
Perl
arrays

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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while (@old) 
   { push (@new, splice(@old, rand @old, 1)); }    # randomly pick element for swapping 


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CGI script for web page with complete form
Perl
cgi

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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#!/usr/bin/perl

print <<WEBPAGE;
Content-type: text/html

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My Web Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<h2>My Web Page</h2>
This page brought to you by ...
<form action="http://www.vbinformation.com/cgi-bin/gbsample.pl" method="GET">

<input type="text" name="singletext" value="Sample info" size="8" maxlength="8">

<input type="hidden" name="hiddentext" value="state information">

<input type="password" name="pswline" value="Sample info" size="8" maxlength="20">
<input type="radio" name="choose" value="Dog">Dog
<input type="radio" name="choose" value="Cat">Cat
<input type="radio" name="choose" value="Pig" checked>Pig
<p>
<input type="checkbox" name="pickme" checked>Please pick me!

<select name="purchase" size="4">
<option>Cereal
<option selected>Toast
<option>Bread
<option>Milk
<option>Butter
<option>Fruit
</select>

<textarea name="bulktext" rows=5 cols=20>
Default text content is placed here.
</textarea>

<p>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="reset">
</form>

</BODY>
</HTML>
WEBPAGE                #no trailing spaces allowed


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CGI script for web page with embedded variables
Perl
cgi

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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#!/usr/bin/perl

$value = "Sample Information"       # create your own values or draw them from %ENV

print <<WEBPAGE;
Content-type: text/html\n\n         # note alternate way to put in the extra space
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My Web Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<h2>My Web Page</h2>
This page brought to you by ...
<img src="http://www.vbinformation.com/images/gbsample.gif">
<p>
<hr noshade>
$value
<hr noshade>
<p>
Note that the checkbox name-value pair is not included if
it was not checked on the calling form.
<p>
Thank you for trying out this sample Perl script.
</BODY>
</HTML>

WEBPAGE           #no trailing white spaces allowed

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CGI script to return a file from the server inside an HTML file
Perl
cgi

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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#!/usr/local/bin/perl
#
# Read in the data file
# Print out HTML formatted lines
#

$file = 'data.txt' ;                  # Name the file
open(INFO, "<$file" ) ;               # Open the file
@lines = <INFO> ;                     # Read it into an array
close(INFO) ;                         # Close the file

print "<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> PERL output </TITLE> </HEAD>\n" ;
print "  <BODY>\n" ;

foreach $line (@lines)                # assign @lines to $line, one at a time
{                                     # braces {} are required, bracket code
   print "\n   <P> $line   </P>" ;    # print formatted lines to screen 
}

print "\n  </BODY>\n</HTML>\n" ;

#
# DONE
#
    
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CGI script to return existing page
Perl
cgi

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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#!/usr/bin/perl

#do whatever Perl stuff you want first, then the next line sends the user to an existing page
print "Location: http://www.vbinformation.com/index.htm" ;
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CGI script to return web page with no data
Perl
cgi

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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#!/usr/bin/perl

print <<stop_html ;
Content-type: text/html         # note the blank line coming next - it is required!

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
</BODY>
</HTML>
stop_html

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Get variables from QUERY_STRING
Perl
cgi

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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if ($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} eq "GET") {
	$qstring = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
} else {
	$qstring = <STDIN>;                   # read(STDIN, $qstring, $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}); 
}

@pairs = split(/&/, $qstring);                # split the name-value pairs
foreach $pair (@pairs)                        # loop through each pair
{
    ($name, $value) = split(/=/, $pair);      # Create a Name/Value pair set
    $name =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/;                     # make keys uppercase (optional)
    $value =~ s/\+/ /g;                       # change + signs to spaces
    $value =~ tr/+/ /;                        # change + signs to spaces (alternate)
    $value =~ s/%(..)/pack("c",hex($1))/ge;   # convert the URI code
    $in{$name} = $value;                      # put in hash array %in
}

print %in

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Everlasting loop
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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while (1)
{ print "going and going ….\n" ; }             


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For loop
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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#!/user/bin/perl
for  ($a=0 ; $a<1000 ; $a=$a+2)
{ print "Counting .. $a \n"; }
sfflow

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loop through a file
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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open (SOURCE, "text.txt")
while (<SOURCE>)              # without condition, file is read one line at a time til EOF
     { chomp; print; }        # each line is put into $_. chomp/print operate on $_
close (INPUT)
print '\n.. Done!';

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loop through a hash
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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foreach $key ( keys %MyHash)
   { print "$key :$MyHash{$key} \n"; }    # print each key, then its value

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loop through a hash array #2
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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foreach $key ( keys %MyHash)             # 'keys %myhash' creates list of all keys
  { print "$key :$MyHash{$key} \n"; }    # print each key, then its value


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loop through an array
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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foreach $element (@myarray)    # $element is a reference to each value of @myarray
   { print "$element\n"}             


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loop through array using FOR   #2
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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for  $x  (0 .. $#myarray)		# uses range operator to indicate list over which for operates
    { print  “$myarray[$x]\n”; }

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loop through array using FOREACH with $_
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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----- Loop through array  using FOREACH -------
foreach $element  (@myarray)    # $element is a reference to each value of @myarray
   { print "$element\n" ; }             

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----E
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short circuiting
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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Use OR/AND to determine if a statement is to be exectued:

Two ways to use it:
Use OR:
$value > 10 || print "value is low";        # print right side if left is false
Use AND:
$value > 10 && print "value is high";       # print right side if left is true
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while loop
Perl
conditional looping

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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#!/user/bin/perl
$counter=0;
while ($counter<10)
{ print "Still counting .. $counter\n"; $counter' }
----E
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sendmail
Perl
email

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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open(SENDMAIL, "|/usr/lib/sendmail -oi -t -odq") or die "Can't fork for sendmail: $!\n";
print SENDMAIL <<"EOF";
From: User Originating Mail <me\@host>
To: Final Destination <you\@otherhost>
Subject: A relevant subject line

Body of the message goes here after the blank line
in as many lines as you like.
EOF
close(SENDMAIL)     or warn "sendmail didn't close nicely";  


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print formatting
Perl
formatting

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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print

printf formatstring, list

printf filehandle formatstring, list        # note that there is no comma after filehandle

sprintf                   # same as printf, except returns a string

formatstring:  "%-w.dx"   # prints all characters except those begining with % (mandatory)
                          # - is left justifed, otherwise right justified (optional)
                          # w is width (optional)
                          # d for numbers is numbers to left of decimal position (optional)
                          # d for strings total width (optional)
                          # x type of data to be printed c-character, s-string
                          # x type of data to be printer d-integer (truncated), f-floating point


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print samples
Perl
formatting

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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printf("%20s","Jack");      # right-justify "Jack" in a 20 characters

printf("%-20s","Jack");     # left-justify "Jack" in a 20 characters

$amt=7.12;
printf("%6.2f",$amt);       # prints "    7.12"

$amt=7.127;
printf("%6.2f",$amt);       # prints "    7.13" extra digit rounded

printf("%c", 65);           # print ASCII character for 65, "A"

$amt=9.4
printf("%6.2f",$amt);       # prints "    9.40"

$amt=9.4
printf("%6d",$amt);         # prints "     9"

$amt=9.4
printf("%06d",$amt);         # prints "000009"   0 in front of the 6 says to show leading zeros


----E
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Find primes
Perl
math

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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#!/usr/bin/perl -w

$maxprimes=20;    # Stop when you've found this many
$value=1;
$count=0;
while($count < $maxprimes) {
       $value++;
       $composite=0;  
OUTER: for ($i=2; $i<$value; $i++) {
         for($j=$i; $j<$value; $j++) {
             if (($j*$i)==$value) {
                 $composite=1;
                 last OUTER;
             }
         }
     }
     if (! $composite) {
         $count++;
         print "$value is prime\n";
     }
}

----E
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----E
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perform operation on series of integers
Perl
math

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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@results = map { my_func($_) | @array;
----E
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----E
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print an array to a file
Perl
print

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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open(DEST, "test.txt")
print DEST @myarray;
close (DEST)

----E
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----E
----T
print to more than one file at once
Perl
print

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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for $fh (FH1, FH2, FH3) { print $fh "whatever\n" }  

----E
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----E
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sort array numerically
Perl
sort

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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sub sort_numerically 
   {  return (sort { $a <=> $b } @_ } ;
----E
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----E
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sort hash by a key
Perl
sort

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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foreach $key ( sort keys %Words ) 
   { print "$key \n"; }

----E
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----E
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sort on several fields
Perl
sort

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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$sorted = sort { field1($a) <=> field1($b) ||          # see PerlFAQ on this
                 field2($a) cmp field2($b) ||
                 field3($a) cmp field3($b)
               }     @data;


----E
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----E
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Code data for reading as records
Perl
strings

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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print DEST "$a::$b::$c\n";       # print 3 variables to a single line in a file
                                 # "::" was chosen because is unlikely to occur in real data
($a,$b,$c) = split (/::/$line)   # read 3 variables form a @line in the file
$a = $line[0]                    # same result as above (don't really need $a
$b = $line[1]                    # same result as above (don't really need $b
$c = $line[2]                    # same result as above (don't really need $c


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List of all files then separate file from path
Perl
strings

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;

my @all_files = `dir \\*.* /s/b`;
my %filecounts;
foreach my $file_and_path (@all_files) {
   $file_and_path =~ m/(.*)\\(.*)$/; # (Windows only)
   my ($path, $name) = ($1, $2);
   $filecounts{$name}++;
}

foreach my $this_file (sort keys %filecounts) {
print "$this_file: $filecounts{$this_file}\n";
} 

----E
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----E
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remove newline character from end of string
Perl
strings

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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chomp $c;        # removes newline character from end of string (anywhere in the string)
----E
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----E
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return last 5 characters in a string
Perl
strings

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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$a = substr ($b, -5)  ;

----E
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----E
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trim a string #2
Perl
strings

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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$string =~ s/^\s+//;
$string =~ s/\s+$//;



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swap two variables
Perl
syntax

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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($a, $b) = ($b, $a)

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CGI script to display all environmental variables
Perl
system info

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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foreach $key (sort keys(%ENV))
  { print "$key=$ENV{$key}<p>"; }

Environmental Variables are contained in %ENV, an associate array:

CONTENT_LENGTH      Length in bytes of the input stream
CONTENT_TYPE        Content type of the data passed with the query
DATE_LOCAL          Current local data and time
LAST_MODIFIED       Date and time of the last modification of the current document
DOCUMENT_ROOT       Directory over which all www document paths are resolved by the server
HTTP_REFERER        URL that referred the web client to the script
HTTP_USER_AGENT     Name/version of the client (browser) issuing the request to the script
PATH_INFO           The extra path information following the script's path in the URL
PATH_TRANSLATED     The PATH_INFO mapped onto DOCUMENT_ROOT
QUERY_STRING        Query information, following a question mark after the script location
REMOVE_ADDR         IP address from which the client is issuing the request
REMOTE_HOST         Name of the host form which the client issues the request
REQUEST_METHOD      GET, POST, or HEAD
SCRIPT_NAME         The virtual path from which the script is executed
SERVER_NAME         The web server's hostname or IP address
SERVER_PORT         The web server's listening port
SERVER_SOFTWARE     Name/version of the information server software answering the request


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Count the number of lines in a file
Perl
text file

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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$lines = 0;
open(FILE, $filename) or die "Can't open `$filename': $!";
while (sysread FILE, $buffer, 4096) {
    $lines += ($buffer =~ tr/\n//);
}
close (FILE);  

----E
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----E
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Delete last line of a file
Perl
text file

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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open (FH, "+< $file");
while ( <FH> ) { $addr = tell(FH) unless eof(FH) }
truncate(FH, $addr);  
 
----E
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----E
----T
read a file and write it to a second file #2
Perl
text file

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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open(SOURCE, "test.txt")     # use single quotes if a backslash for the pathname
open(DEST, "test2.txt")      # use single quotes if a backslash for the pathname
print DEST <SOURCE>;
close (DEST)
close (SOURCE)

----E
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----E
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read a random line from a file
Perl
text file

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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srand;
rand($.) < 1 && ($line = $_) while <>;  
----E
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----E
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read a text file into a scalar
Perl
text file

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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$var = 'cat $file'           # where $file is the file name
----E
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----E
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read a text file into an array then print it
Perl
text file

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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open (FFF, "file.txt");
@all = <FFF>;
print @all ;                 # print "@all\n"; joins elements of @all with a space
close (FFF)

----E
----H

----E
----T
read a text file one line at a time
Perl
text file

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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open (SOURCE, "file.txt");
while $line (SOURCE)
   {
   ($a,$b,$c) = split (/::/$line)   # read 3 variables form a line in the file
   }
close (SOURCE)

----E
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----E
----T
select a random line from a file
Perl
text file

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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srand;
rand($.) < 1 && ($line = $_) while <>;


----E
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----E
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selectively save part of file
Perl
text file

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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$old = $file;
$new = "$file.tmp.$$";
$bak = "$file.orig";

open(OLD, "< $old") 	or die "can't open $old: $!";
open(NEW, "> $new") 	or die "can't open $new: $!";

# Correct typos, preserving case
while (<OLD>) {
    s/\b(p)earl\b/${1}erl/i;
    (print NEW $_)		or die "can't write to $new: $!";
}

close(OLD)			or die "can't close $old: $!";
close(NEW) 			or die "can't close $new: $!";
rename($old, $bak)		or die "can't rename $old to $bak: $!";
rename($new, $old)		or die "can't rename $new to $old: $!";  
----E
----H

----E
----T
print current time
Perl
time

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year_off, $wday, $yday, $isdat) = localtime
print $sec , " seconds (0-59)\n" ;
print $min , " minutes (0-59)\n" ;
print $hour , " hour (0-23)\n" ;
print $mday , " day of the month (1-31)\n" ;
print $mon , " month of the year (1-12)\n" ;
print $year_off , " number of years since 1900\n" ;
print $wday , " day of the week (0-6)\n" ;
print $yday , " day of the year (0-365)\n" ;
print $isdat , " True if Daylight Savings Time is in effect\n" ;
----E
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----E
----T
time handling
Perl
time

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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localtime                  # function that returns local time
@timeinfo = localtime      # puts 9 entries into array @timeinfo

($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year_off, $wday, $yday, $isdat) = localtime
----E
----H

----E
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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
PHP
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:27
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PHP stands for "PHP: Howmany Processors"

PHP is a server-side scripting language.

The code is embedded in an HTML file.  The server extracts the 
PHP code and runs the script (at the server).  The PHP code
is run as it is found - before any following HTML code is executed.




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- Tutorial 02 - Basic Code (Hello World)
PHP
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:27
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<?php print "Hello, World!"; ?> 

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- Tutorial 03 - Syntax
PHP
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:27
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In PHP, a variable does not require formal declaration. It will automatically 
be declared when a value is assigned to it. Variables are prefixed by a dollar sign: ($VariableName).

Variables are prefixed by a dollar sign
Variables do not have declared types. A variable's type does not have to be fixed, meaning it can be changed over the variable's lifetime. The table below list's PHP's variable types

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Snippet 14
PL1
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:31
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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
SQL
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:36
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SQL - Structured Query Language
Standard language between most databse applications (although Microsoft has added 
it's own proprietary statements)

In general, SQL is a way to select certain records from database tables, using criteria you choose. 

SQL consists of creating a query - a string - that the database server interprets 

With SQL you can:
-Modify a database's structure (create tables)
-Change system security settings
-Add user permissions on databases or tables
-Query a database for information
-Update the contents of a database (add/delete data)
-Store your queries within your program or database.

A database server application receives the query and returns information (usually
databse records according to the instructions in the query

Example of SQL query (string):
SELECT * FROM employee
* means all records
employee is the table of employees

Commonly available applications which support SQL include: Microsoft Access, Oracle, Microsoft Query

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- Tutorial 02 - Syntax
SQL
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:36
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An SQL query is not case sensitive

Most used keywords:

SELECT <column names>
FROM <table>
WHERE  <search condition>

Keywords:              SELECT, FROM, WHERE
Clause:                   SELECT column1, column2
Statement              complete SQL query

Common keyword usage:
UNION returns the results of two queries minus the duplicate rows
INTERSECT returns only the rows found by both queries
MINUS  returns the rows from the first query that were not present in the second
JOIN  returns results of both queries
AND,  OR    
IN   shorthand function
BETWEEN   shorthand function

Operators supported:
= 
!=
< 
>
>=
<=
*
- 
+
\
%  (or MOD)

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----E
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- Tutorial 03 - Sample Queries
SQL
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:36
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SELECT  *  FROM customers

SELECT  firstname, lastname, age  FROM customers

SELECT *  FROM  customers  WHERE name LIKE "%David%"

SELECT  item, price, price*1.07 (Sale Price)  FROM inventory

SELECT *  FROM  customers  WHERE name LIKE "David%"

SELECT name  FROM customers  WHERE state="TX" OR state="CA"

SELECT *   FROM friends  WHERE areacode  IN(100,381,204)

SELECT *   FROM friends  WHERE areacode BETWEEN (100,200)

----E
----H

----E
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- Tutorial 04 - Functions - Aggregate
SQL
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:36
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COUNT:  returns the number of rows that satisfy the condition in the WHERE clause.
SUM:  returns the sum of all values in a column
AVG:  computes the average of a column
MAX:  returns the largest value in a column, use MAX
MIN:  returns the lowest member of a column
VARIANCE: returns the square of the standard deviation
STDDEV:  returns the standard deviation of a column of numbers

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----E
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- Tutorial 05 - Functions - Date and Time
SQL
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:36
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ADD_MONTHS:  adds a number of months to a specified date

LAST_DAY:  returns the last day of a specified month

MONTHS_BETWEEN: how many months fall between month x and month y

NEW_TIME:  adjust the time according to the time zone you are in

NEXT_DAY finds the name of the first day of the week that is equal to or later than another specified date

SYSDATE returns the system time and date:
----E
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----E
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- Tutorial 06 - Functions -  Arithmetic
SQL
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:36
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ABS:  returns the absolute value of a number
CEIL: returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to its argument
FLOOR:  returns the largest integer equal to or less than its argument
COS, COSH, SIN, SINH, TAN, and TANH: returns the appropriate trigonometric value. argument is in radians
EXP:  raise e to a power
LN:  returns the logarithm to base e of the argument
LOG:  returns the logarithm to base 10 of the argument
MOD: returns remainder of a division
POWER: raise one number to the power of another
SIGN:  returns -1 if its argument is less than 0, 0 if its argument is equal to 0, and 1 if its argument is greater than 0
SQRT:  returns the square root of an argument (cannot use SQRT on negative numbers)
----E
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----E
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- Tutorial 07 - Functions - Character
SQL
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:36
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CHR:  returns the character equivalent of the number it uses as an argument
CONCAT:  splices two strings together
INITCAP:  capitalizes the first letter of a word and makes all other characters lowercase.
LOWER: changes all the characters to lower case
UPPER:  changes all the characters to upper case
LPAD: pads the left side of a string with a specified character
RPAD:  pads the right side of a string with a specified character
LTRIM:  removes all spaces on the left side of a string
RTRIM:  removes all spaces on the right side of a string
REPLACE:  replaces all occurences of a string with a specified string
SUBSTR:  returns a specified length from within a given string
TRANSLATE" s three arguments: the target string, the FROM string, and the TO string. Elements of the target string that occur in the FROM string are translated to the corresponding element in the TO string
INSTR: determines where a string is found within another
LENGTH: returns the length of its lone character argument


----E
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----E
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- Tutorial 08 - Functions - Conversions
SQL
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:36
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TO_CHAR:  convert a number into a character
TO_NUMBER:  converts a string into a number
GREATEST:    finds the largest number from a series of expressions
LEAST:  finds the smallest number from a series of expressions

----E
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----E
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AND
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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use of AND  OR
SELECT name  FROM customers  WHERE state="TX" AND name="Beene"

SELECT name  FROM customers  WHERE state="TX" OR state="CA"

SELECT name  FROM customers  WHERE state="TX" OR state="CA"

----E
----H

----E
----T
BETWEEN
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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----E
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shorthand notation:
SELECT *   FROM friends  WHERE areacode BETWEEN (100,200)


----E
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----E
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Concatenation
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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the || (double pipe) concatenates two string:
note that some applications use the plus (+) sign to concatenate strings:
SELECT firstname || lastname (EntireName), phone  FROM  customers
or
SELECT firstname  ||  ","  ||  lastname (EntireName), phone  FROM  customers


----E
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----E
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Create a column on the fly
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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create a column on the fly:
SELECT  item, price, price*1.07 FROM inventory
----E
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----E
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Create a column on the fly and rename it
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
<reserved>
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SELECT  item, price, price*1.07 (Sale Price)  FROM inventory

----E
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----E
----T
IN
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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----E
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shorthand notation:
SELECT *   FROM friends  WHERE areacode  IN(100,381,204)


----E
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----E
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INTERSECT
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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use of INTERSECT -  returns only the rows found by both queries
SELECT name  FROM customers INTERSECT  SELECT name FROM friends

----E
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----E
----T
JOIN
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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use of JOIN - 
SELECT name from customer JOIN SELECT name from friends

----E
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----E
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Limit selection to match criteria
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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limit selection to match criteria:
note that while SQL is not case senstive, data is:
SELECT  *   FROM bikes  WHERE  name = "Beene"
----E
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----E
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MINUS
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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----E
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use of MINUS - returns the rows from the first query that were not present in the second
SELECT name from customer MINUS SELECT name from friends


----E
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----E
----T
Pattern search
SQL
examples

2005-02-21 22:42:43
<reserved>
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----E
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limited search criteria.  
note can use NOT in front of LIKE:
note that LIKE is case sensitive:

SELECT *  FROM  customers  WHERE name LIKE "David%"
or
SELECT *  FROM  customers  WHERE name NOT LIKE "David%"


----E
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----E
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Select all fields from a table
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
<reserved>
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SELECT  *  FROM customers

----E
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----E
----T
Select multiple fields from a table
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
<reserved>
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select multiple fields (columns) from a table:
SELECT name, age  FROM employee
----E
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----E
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Test for absence of a field value
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
<reserved>
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----E
----C
note that some applications use IS NULL instead of the following:

SELECT  *  FROM  inventory  WHERE  price = NULL

----E
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----E
----T
UNION
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
<reserved>
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----E
----C
use of UNION - meets 2 queries less duplicates:
SELECT name  FROM customers  UNION  SELECT name FROM friends


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Wildcard character
SQL
examples

2005-01-09 00:27:13
<reserved>
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underscore _  is single-character wildcard:

SELECT *  FROM  customers  WHERE state  LIKE "T_"
----E
----H

----E
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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
VB.Net
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:40
<reserved>
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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
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01 Overview
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..Early computer languages were Command Line languages.  A user 
wrote a program, compiled it, and ran the EXE from the Command
Line (DOS prompt- C:\).  If a visual interface (such as a display graph or location to type
in information) was needed, the user had to write the code to manipulate every
pixel on the screen that was needed to create the display.

Visual Basic greatly simplified this process by providing the capability
to create user interface items (windows, buttons, textboxes, etc.) easily
using just a mouse.  All of the code for the user interface Object was pre-written and 
stored in "runtime" files, which handled the details of interfacing with
the Windows OS.  All a user had to do was draw the button and
write the code to respond to events such as a mouse click or the
pressing of keys on the keyboard.

VB3 was the first version to achieve popularity.  VB6 has been the most popular
of all and is still used by more programmers than the most recent edition - VB.net.

Another key features of VB is that is uses an event-driven model.  When a VB program
starts it goes through some initialization and then basically waits for an event to occur.
Events are such things are mouse clicks or button presses by the user.  A VB program
consists primarily of the code which responds to these events. 





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02 Sample code
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Sub Command1_click

'create a new VB program with a single window and a single button
'put the line below in the button click event .  The line is executed when the button is pressed
'MsgBox Is a built-In VB function which pops up a window with the specified text

MsgBox "Hello world!"

End Sub
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03 IDE
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..VB comes with a graphical inteface for entering and executing 
code (some languages still use the command line).  The interface 
is called the Integrated Developement Environment (IDE)

The IDE and compiler are integrated.

The basic function of the IDE is to provide a text editor for
writing your code.

The second basic function of the IDE is to allow you to run your
program immediately (simply press F5), without first having to
compile your program. 

The third primary function of the IDE is to allow your to compile
your program.

VB's IDE allows you to open one or more projects or to combine 
projects into groups.

The IDE also manages the addition/deletion of forms, modules 
and class files to your projects.

The IDE provides some other very key features:
1. code editor with syntax highlighting
2. Intellisense (displays possible options to finishing a line of code)
3. programs can be executed immediately from the IDE
4. programs can be compiled to create an EXE for later execution
5. debug features, including step-by-step execution of a program
6  expression watches, where you can pause when specified conditions are met


 

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04 Syntax
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'VB code is written one line at a time,   A line of code is called a statement. (Not all languages
'recognize the end of a line as the end of a statement).

MyString = "hello"

'There are two variations on the rule of one line per statement:
'1. The underline character can be used to allow a long line of code to span multiple physical lines (simply a visual aide)
MyString = "the boys are about" & _
"where we want them"

'2. A colon can be used to put two or more statements on a single line
MyString = "hello" :  YourString = "goodbye"

'VB allows the placement of comments in a line - comments are descriptive text which
'will be ignored during execution of the program.  Comments are usually shown in
'the IDE as green-colored text.  There are two ways to comment code:

'1. start the line with 'REM'
REM this is a comment line

'2. all code to the right of an apostrophe is treated as a comment
My String = "hello"    'comments go here



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05 Data types / variables
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VB, like most programming languages, stores information in multiple
formats.  The basic data types supported by VB are:

'Integer	whole numbers   -32,768 to +32,767   2 bytes
'Long	whole numbers   -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647   4 bytes
'Single	numbers with decimal points  -1.4E-45 to +3.4E38	   4 bytes
'Double	numbers with decimal points   -4.9E-324 to 1.8E308    8 bytes
'Boolean	value of True or False only
'Strings	sequences of characters, such as "abc123"
'Byte	single character   0 to 255
'Date	includes date and time
'Variant	any type from the list above

'Variables are names assigned to store values.  Variable naming rules are:
'1. Start with a letter
'2. Consist of letter, numbers, or an underscore '_'
'3. Cannot exceed 255 characters

'To create a variable of a certain type, use the Dim function

Dim MyString as String
MySring = "abc"

Dim Y as Integer
Y = 2

'VB also supports a user-defined type (UDT), which is a combination
'of the other types

Type Address
 	Address as String
	City as String
	State as String
	Zip as String
End Type

Dim R as Address
R.Address = "101 Clover Lange"
R.City = "Tulsa"
R.State = "OK"
R.Zip = "72310"

'These VB function are available to convert 1 data type into another
CBool(expression)
CByte(expression)
CCur(expression)
CDate(expression)
CDbl(expression)
CDec(expression)
CInt(expression)
CLng(expression)
CSng(expression)
CStr(expression)
CVar(expression)

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06 Operators
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'VB supports the following operators

'Arithmetic
+	addition for numbers
-	substraction
/	division
\	integer division, discards the decimal part of the answer
*	multiply
^	exponentiation
Mod	division, returning only the remainder

'Comparison
=	equal
<	less than
>	greater than
<>	not equal
>=	greater than or equal to
<=	less than or equal to
Is	two variables/objects are the same
Like	variable matches a pattern

'Concatenation
&	combines two strings into one
+	combines two strings into one (is addition for numbers)

'Logical
And	logical conjunction (both values True)
Or	logical disjunction (either value True)
Not	logical negation (reverses True/False value)
Xor	logical exclusion (True if one, and only one, is True)
Imp	logical implication (e9e9
Eqv	logical equivalence (True if both have same logical value)
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07 Boolean logic
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'Boolean refers to logical relationships - True or False, and is named 
'after mathematician George Boole.

'VB supports the following Boolean opertors
Or
And  
Not
Xor

'The following operators are also supported but see very little use by VB programmers
Eqv
Imp
Is

'To create a Boolean variable, use this:
Dim X As Boolean

'Mathematical values used in Boolean expresssion are converted to Boolean values as follows:
0 becomes False 
all other values become True. 

'Boolean values used in mathematical expressions are converted to mathematical values as follows:
False becomes 0        i.e.  False * 2 = 0
True becomes -1        i.e.  True * 5 = -5

'results of applying Val to Boolean 
Val(True) = 0
Val(False) = 0
Abs(True) =  1 
Abs(False) = 0 
CInt(True) = -1
CInt(False) = 0 
Print True  --->   True
Print False --->   False

If A Then    
    '0 value is treated as False
    'non-zero value is treated as True
End If



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08 Strings
Visual Basic
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'  "abc" is a String consisting of the three letters a, b, and c

'a string variable is assigned content as follows:
mystring = "abc"

'two strings can be merged with the & operator 
mystring = "abc" & "def" = "abcdef"

'VB has really wide range of functions that perform string operations
Left		'returns # of characters at left of string
Right		'returns # of characters at right of string
Trim		'removes spaces from both ends of a string
LTrim		'removes spaces from left side of a string
RTrim		'removes spaced from right side of a string
UCase		'make entire string upper case
LCase		'makes entire string lower case

Mid		'returns any or all of a string (substring)
Chr		'returns string character associated with an integer (see Ascii values)
Asc		'returns Ascii integer value of a single character
Len		'retruns the length of a string (number of characters in the string)

LSet		'left justifies a string in a string of specified width, padding with spaces as needed
RSet		'right justifies a string in a string of specified width, padding with spaces as needed

String		'retuns a string consisting of a character, repeated a specified number of times
Space		'returns a specified number of spaces

InStr		'finds position of one string inside a larger string (position defined as starting from the left of the string)
InStrRev		'finds position of one string inside a larger string (position defined as starting from the right of the string)
Like		'compares two string and returns a Boolean result
Replace		'replaces a part of a string with a specified replacement string
Join		'joins the elements of an array into a single string, separated by a specified delimeter
Split		'separates a string into an array.  separation is made at a specified delimeter

StrComp		'compares two strings for equality - with various options
StrReverse	'reverse the order of characters in a string
StrConv		'converts a string to various formats (upper, lower, proper, ...)

Format		'formats an expression to a user-define format.  format is defined by a string 
FormatCurrency	'formats a number as currency
FormatDateTime	'formats an expression as date and time
FormatNumber	'formats a number with various options
FormatPerCent	'formats a number as a percent



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09 Arrays
Visual Basic
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'Arrays are variables which hold multiple values.  Each of the values is indexed. 

'Declare an array with Dim
'Arrays default to a lower bound of zero but the user must specify the upper bound

Dim MyArray(5) as Long	'6 elements, 0-6

'Users can define the upper/lower bounds
Dim MyArray(1 to 15)
Dim MyArray(-10 to 10)

'Arrays can have multiple dimensions
Dim MyArray(5,5)
Dim MyArray(1 to 10, 1 to 50)

'Arrays whose dimensions are set with Dim are fixed-size arrays.  The dimensions
'cannot be changed.

'Arrays whose dimensions can be changed are called dynamic arrays. 
'They are declared with ReDim and later dimensioned again, as often as needed
ReDim MyArray()		'dynamic array

'then later in code:
ReDim MyArray(15)		'the dimensions can be changed at any time to any value

'ReDim loses values in the array unless Preserve is used
ReDim Preserve MyArray(15)

'Control arrays
Variables can contain objects, such as textboxes or pictureboxes, and VB supports
arrays of objects as well.




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10 Flow control
Visual Basic
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'VB offers 6 basic methods of flow control

1. For ... Next
2. If ... Then
3. Select Case ... End Select
4. While ... Wend
5. Do ... Loop
6. GoTo

'For ... Next =================================
For i = 1 To j Step k
   ...
Next i

'Example
For i = 1 To 10
    Print i
Next i

'If ... Then =================================
If (expression) Then
   ...
ElseIf (expression)
   ...
Else
   ...
End If

'Example
If j > 6 Then
   Print "big"
ElseIf i <> 32
   Print "hello"
Else
   Print "none of the above
End If

'Select Case ... End Select =================================
Select Case (expression)
   Case (variable list)
   Case (variable list)
   Case Else
End Select

'While ... Wend =================================
While (expression)
   ...
Wend

'Do ... Loop =================================
Do While | Until (expression)
   ...
Loop While | Until (expression)

For Each (variable) In (Collection)
Next

'Example
Do While j < 10
   j = j + 1
   Print J
Loop

'Example
Do
  j = j + 1
  Print J
Loop Until j = 25

'GoTo =================================
GoTo Line

'Example
GoTo Start  'skips the next two lines
j = j + 1
Print j
Start:
Print j
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11 Variable scope and lifetime
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'Scope  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'The scope of a variable defines which parts of your program are aware of
'the variable.  When you declare a variable within a procedure (sub/function)
'only code within that procedure can access or change the value of that variable.
'The variable's scope is local to the procedure.

'Scope of a variable can be controlled by the programmer.  Variables are
'declared in one of two locations - procedures or modules.  In each case,
'VB allows the declaration to define the procedure as Private or Public:

'Procedure-level variables
	Private	'variables are private to the procedure
	Public	'n/a.  procedure variables cannot be Public
'Module-level variables
	Private	'variables are private to the module
		'they can be accessed from within any procedure in the module
	Public	'variables are available to all modules

'Example:  to make a public variable, put this in the declaration section of a module
'Note:  Public replaces Dim in the declaration

Public MyVar as Long

'Example: to make the same variable private to the module, use this:

Private MyVar as Long


'Lifetime  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'Normally, when a variable is declared in a procedure (sub/function) it exists only as long
'as the procedure is executing.  For example:

Sub MySub ()
    Dim j as Long
    j = 5
End Sub

'When the program call MySub, the variable j is created.  When the program exits
'MySub the variable i no longer exists. 

'The exception is that if the declaration uses the keyword Static, the variable continues
'to exist between calls of the procedure:

Sub MySub()
    Static Dim j as Long
    i = j + 5
End Sub

'In this example, the value of j is kept.  Each time the procedure is called, j is incremented
'by an additional 5.

'These comments apply to module variables also

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12 Functions / subroutines
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'VB supports two kinds of functions - Subroutines and Functions
'Both allow passing variables to the Sub/Function for use

'Subroutines execute code and return control of program to calling point
Sub MySub ()
	Print "Hello"
End Sub

'Functions execute code, return a value to the program and return control of program to calling point
Function MyFunction () As String
	MyFunction = Date
End Function
'usage
MyString = MyFunction		'Date is placed in MyString

'Passing variables - Sub declaration defines data type of passed variable
Sub MySub (i As Long, s As String, a() As Variant)
	Print i
	Print s
	Print a(5)
End Sub

'Passing variables - Sub declaration defines how passed variables are treated
'ByVal		cannot alter the passed variable
'ByRef		can alter the passed variable
Sub MySub (ByVal i As Long, ByRef s As String)
	i = 5		'the original variable passed has not changed - ByVal
	s = 10		'the original variable passed is now changed - ByRef
End Sub


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13 Files / Folders
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'Files ===========================
'VB can access files as text or as binary data
' generally text files are separated into lines - string data followed by a pair of LF+CR characters
' binary files have no such LF+CR separator

'basic functions
Name			rename a file
Kill			delete a file
FileCopy		copy a file To a New location
FileLen			Get length of a file In bytes
FileDateTime		Get Date/Time file was last modified
GetAttr			Get readonly/system/hidden/directory/archive attribute of a file Or folder
SetAttr			Sets readonly/system/hidden/archive attribute of a file Or folder

'Open - most important VB function for reading and writing files
' files can be opened in 4 modes - append, binary, input, output, random

'Input - error if file does not exist
Open "myfile.txt" For Input As #1
	Line Input #1, temp	'read a line of text at a time
	Input #1, a,b,c		'reads list of variables
Close #1

'Example of reading text file from start to end
Open "myfile.txt" For Inpu As #1
While Not EOF(1)
	Line Input #1, temp
Wend

'output - creates file if it does not exist.  erases the file before creating it.
Open "myfile.txt" For Output As #1
	Print #1, "information"		'prints data into file. auto-inserts LF+CR 
	Write #1, "dog", "cat"		'prints data into file.  quotes around strings, commas between items.  auto-inserts LF+CR
Close #1

'binary - 
Open "myfile.txt" For Binary As #1
	Get #1, 32,  i
Close #1

'append - text mode.  write only.  writing starts at end of file
Open "myfile.txt" For Append As #1
	Put #1, 128, j
Close #1

'random - reads fixed lenght data, but may be text or binary
Open "myfile.txt" For Append As #1
	Get #1, 32, MyUDT	'reads the 32nd fixed-length record
Close #1

'Folders========================
'basic functions
ChDir		Change directory
MkDir		Make directory
RmDir		Remove directory
ChDrive	Change drive
CurDir		Return current directory





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14 System functions
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'This tutorial covers the Windows Registry and Environment variables

'Registry -VB can access registry information at:
'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\VB and VBA Program Settings\appname\section\key\value

'A registry entry includes a reference to the program, a section, a key, and a value.  Windows supports
values of String, Binary, or DWORD type, but VB only supports String key values. VB Registry functions are:

GetSetting		'gets a value from a section\key
SaveSetting		'saves a value in the registry for a section\key
DeleteSetting	'deletes a section or key
GetAllSettings	'returns all key/values pairs from an application\setting of the Registry

'The Registry is a database of most Windows settings, as well as those for your installed applications. 

'In Windows 95, 98, and Me, the Registry is contained in two hidden files in your 
'Windows directory, called USER.DAT and SYSTEM.DAT.

'In Windows 2000 and Windows XP, the Registry is stored in several Hives (special files), located 
'in the \windows\system32\config and \Documents and Settings\{username} folders. 

'Windows 2000 and WIndows XP have five main branches:
'- HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT - contains all of file types as well as OLE information for OLE-aware applications.
'- HKEY_CURRENT_USER - points to the part of HKEY_USERS appropriate for the current user.
'- HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE - information about all of the hardware and software installed on your 
'- HKEY_USERS - preferences (such as colors and control panel settings) for each of the users of the computer. 
'- HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG - the part of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE appropriate for the current hardware configuration.

'Registry Editor
'Windows includes a program called the Registry Editor (regedit.exe) which allows
'you to view and edit the contents of the Registry.  

'Registry Patch
'A Registry patch is a simple text file with the .REG extension that contains one or more keys 
'or values. If you double-click on a .REG file, the patch is applied to the registry.   You can 
'create a Registry patch by opening the Registry Editor, selecting a branch, and choosing 
'Export from the File menu.

============================================================================

'Environment variables
MyString = Environ("PATH")	'returns the Windows Path spec

'Environment variables are strings that contain information such as 
'drive, path, or file name. They control the behavior of various programs. 
'For example, the TEMP environment variable specifies the location in 
'which programs place temporary files.   The PATH environment variable
'determines the path(s) where Windows will look for executable files.

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'VB has limited graphics capabilities.  Most serious graphics work is done using Windows API

'Coordinate system

'Graphical controls (cannot appear on top of other controls, cannot receive focus, cannot 
'serve as containers and do no have an hWnd property):
'Image
'Line
'Shape

'Pictures can be displayed on:
'form
'picturebox
'image control

'Graphics methods
.Cls		'clear a drawing area
.PSet		'sets color of a pixel at a specified point
.Point		'returns color value at a specified point
.Line		'draws line between two coordinates (also draws box)
.Circle		'draw circle of radius about a specified point (can also draw arcs or ellipses)
.PaintPicture	'draws a picture on a form, picturebox, or printer

'These properties affect the way graphics methods appear:
.FillStyle
.FillColor
.DrawWidth	'width of lines
.BorderWidth	'width of outline on line and shape controls
.DrawStyle	'set solid or broken pattern for lines
.DrawMode	'defines what happend when one pattern is drawn on top of another

'Colors
'color is a Long integer from 0 to 16,777,215 (&HFFFFFF&)
'color is represented by red, green and blue content - each with a value of 0 to 255
'RGB function is used to set colors using RGB content

iColor = RGB (R, G, B)	'R,G,B have values 0 to 255.  (0,0,0) is black.  (255,255,255) is white.
iColor = QBColor (i)		'i = 0 to 15, corresponding to VB color constants

'represent color by this syntax (Note: this is reversed from standard Internet color syntax):
iColor = &HBBGGRR&	'where BB is blue, GG is green, and RR is red content

'Non-displayed pictures
'VB offers a Picture object for loading pictures which do not need to be displayed
'The Picture object is convenient for creating animation sequences by using an array of Picture objects

Dim MyPicture as Picture
Set MyPicture = LoadPicture("mypicture.bmp")


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16 Sound
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2005-02-21 09:17:35
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'VB has only 1 intrinsic support of sound - the Beep function

Beep		'emits a short mid-frequency sound

'The frequency and duration of the beep depend on your hardware 
'and system software, and vary among computers.

'To employ sound in a VB application the Windows API are used

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17 Date-Time
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'VB supports a Date data type
Dim D1 as Date, D2 as Date
NumberDays = D2 - D1 	'subtracting dates gives days (Single data type)

'Functions
iResults = Second(DateVar)	'returns 1-59
iResults = Minute(DateVar)	'returns 1-59
iResults = Hour(DateVar)		'returns  1-23
iResults = Day(DateVar)		'returns  1-31
iResults = Month(DateVar)		'returns  1-12
iResults = Weekday(DateVar)	'returns  1-7
iResults = Year(DateVar)		'returns 4 digit year

'Set time/date
Time = TimeString
Date = DateString

'Get time/date
DateVar = Date
TimeVar = Time

'Time Operations
DateAdd
DateDiff
DatePart

'Time Functions
DateSerial
DateValue
TimeSerial
TimeValue



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18 Math
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'VB normally operates in decimal notation, but hexadecimal (base 16) 
'and octal (base 8) can also be use

'decimal
MyVar = 25.2

'hexidecimal
MyVar = &H14A

'octal
MyVar = &O37

'VB support the following mathematical functions

'Base conversions
Hex		'returns Hex string representation of a number
Oct		'returns Octal string representation of a number
Val		'returns content of string converted to a number

'Controlling number of decimals in a number
Round	
Int		'returns integer portion of a number. if negative, returns first negative integet <+ to the number
Fix		'returns integer portion of a number. if negative, returns first nteger greater than or equal to number

'Mathematical formula
Sin		'sine
Cos		'cosine
Tan		'tangent
Sqr		'square root
Abs		'absolute value
Atn		'arctangent
Log		'logarithm to the base 10

'related random variables
Rnd		'random number between 0 and 1
Randomize	'seeds the Rnd function so that it doesn't return the same value each time a program runs

Sgn		'sign of a number 1 for > 0,     0 for 0,     -1 for < 0
Partition	'returns a string indicating where a number occurs within a calculated series of ranges



'These functions are available to convert one data type to another




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19 Printing
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'VB allows printing to 3 objects within a program
'1. Printer
'2. Picture controls
'3. Forms

Printer.print "hello"
picture1.print "hello"
form1.print "hello"

'printer/picture/forms support key properties which affect where the printing
'takes place and how it look
.CurrentX	'starting X position
.CurrentY	'starting Y position
.ScaleMode	'values are twips, points, pixels, inches, cm, mm, character
.ScaleLeft	'coordinate at left of object
.ScaleTop	'coordinate at top of object
.ScaleWidth	'width of object
.ScaleHeight	'height of object

'Printing starts at x,y coordinates 0,0, or whereever set with .CurrentX and .CurrentY properties
Printer.CurrentX = 1000
Printer.CurrentY = 3000	

'Exact set of properties available depends on the printer driver supplied by the printer manufacturer

'To end printing on a page and start a new page use (does not apply to forms/pictures)
Printer.NewPage

'To end printing on a document and eject the page use (does not apply to forms/pictures)
'VB automatically calls this when a program ends, if there is content in the print buffer
Printer.EndDoc

'VB supples a special method to print  the entire content of a form
form1.printform

'When within the IDE, printing can also be in these two locations, but with no positioning control
'Debug window
'Immediate window

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20 Error handling
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'Uncaught errors will halt execuation of VB code (crash)
'To catch  (handle) and error use on of these code techniques

'When an error occurs, VB sets the err object, which has these properties
'these are reset after Exit Sub, Exit Function, Exit Property  or Resume Next statements
.Clear			'clears the err object
.Description		'text description of the error
.HelpContext		'context ID for a topic in a Help file. Read/write.
.HelpFile		'full path name of Help file
.LastDllError		'return value of last DLL call where an error was returned
.Number		'number assigned to this error (default property)
.Raise			'use in run-time to generate an error for testing error-handling code
.Source		'name of object that generated the error

'Enable error trapping this way:
On Error GoTo  Label
... normal code goes here
Label:				'this is where execution branches to when an error occurs
....error-handling code goes here

'To get out of an error-handling routine, use one of these
Resume[0]		'repeats the error-causing statement (use when the cause of error has been corrected)
Resume Next	'resumes at the statement immediately following the one that caused the error
Resume line		'resumes at the specified label (must be in same procedure as the error handler)
'Generally, use Resume[0] when the error gets corrected and Resume Next when it does not

'To disable error trapping use this line of code:
On Error Goto 0

'The VB IDE has special tools for debugging/controlling errors
'Breakpoints			lines of code there the IDE pauses execution
'Step Into			execute next line of code, including when the next line is in a procedure
'StepOver			execute next line of code, without stepping into a procedure
'StepOut			executes the current procedure and stops at the next line in the calling procedure
'Locals Windows		displays the current value of local variables
'Immediate Window		run code while application is in break mode
'Watch Window		displays value of selected expressions
'Quick Watch			list current value of expression while application is in break mode
'Call Stack			in break mode, lists all procedures that have been called but not yet run to completion

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21 Controls
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..As part of its graphical interface, VB allows the programmer to build
simple interface objects, such as textboxes, buttons and checklists
by simply drawing them with a mouse.

The objects are called controls.  VB comes with 20 built-in (intrinsic)
controls.  These 20 are part of the VB run-time files.

01 ADO Data Control	acts as interface between database and other databound controls
02 Checkbox		status is checked or not checked
03 ComboBox		combination of a textbox and a listbox
04 Command Button	press a button to execute a block of code
05 DirListBox		DirList/DriveList/FileList work together to naviate folder structure of Windows
06 DriveListBox		DirList/DriveList/FileList work together to naviate folder structure of Windows
07 FileListBox		DirList/DriveList/FileList work together to naviate folder structure of Windows
08 Frame			Container for holding other controls
09 Horizontal Scroll Bar	slider for adjusting values
10 Image			displays a picture
11 Label			displays text, edit in code only
12 Line			simple graphics control to display a line of various formats
13 ListBox		vertical list of text strings, each accessible by code
14 OLE Container		can use to add objects from other applications, such as an Excel worksheet
15 Option Button		only 1 of a group may be selected at a time
16 Picturebox		displays a picture, text/graphics can be drawn on it, 
17 Shape			simple graphics control to display basic shapes (square, circle)
18 Textbox		basic text entry, can be multiline, text can be highlighted
19 Timer			creates an event over a user-defined interval
20 Vertical Scroll Bar	slider for adjusting values

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22 Objects
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'Objects are a combination of code and data which you can treat as a single item.

'The controls VB allows you to draw on a form are objects, are as the forms themselves.

'Properties, Methods, and Events
'All objects share a common way of accessing the data and code that we've said make up an object.

'The data inside an object is known as the properties of the object. In familiar terms, it corresponds 
'to the values of variables which are stored inside the object. For example, all objects have names. 
'The name is one of the properties of the object and the way that you access a property in code is as follows:

MyString = ObjectName.Name

'All properties of objects work exactly the same way, using what is called the "dot" notation. Here are some more examples:

h = Form1.height
w = listbox1.fontname
r = textbox.backcolor
g = timer1.interval

'In each of these examples, a variable on the left is assigned the value of the property on the right. 
'The format for identifying the property name is also done the same in every case - "objectname.propertyname".

'Typically, whoever creates the object "exposes" properties which you can access. In the VB IDE 
'environment you can click on a control and the properties box (press F4) will display all of the property 
'names along with possible values for those properties. Object properties are just like variable in that they 
'can have a type. They can be integer, string, dates, or any other VB data type. So remember when 
'assigning property values to variables that the VB rules for type conversion must be taken into consideration.

'When in the IDE code windows, VB also provides a big help in remembering the properties of an object.
'Once you've typed in the object name and the ".", VB will display a dropdown listbox which give all of the
'available properties.  This features is called Intellisense.

'Two other nuances about properties will be of interest. First of all, not all properties of an object 
'are "exposed" for use in your VB program. When we get around to creating our own objects in 
'code, you'll find that you can choose whether to expose a property for use in code, or whether 
'to keep it hidden within the object (so as not to allow its value to get changed).

'COM & Exposed Objects
'One of the key features about objects is that they can be made available outside of an application for 
'use by other programmers. Making an object available for use is known as "exposing" the object. 
'Many of the major applications such as Word or Excel expose objects for your use. Microsoft has 
'established a standard known as COM (Common Object Model) which guides programmers through 
'the techniques of exposing objects from within their applications.

'Exposed objects cannot, however, be distributed with your application. If you plan to create an 
'application which uses exposed objects from a second application, then your user must have 
'that second application installed on his PC. This is not a trivial problem. Unless you have some 
'control over the user's environment you'll find it best to distribute stand-alone applications - ones 
'which do not assume that any particular software is resident on your user's PCs.

'All controls, whether in the form of ActiveX Controls (.OCX files) or in the form of exposed objects, 
'must be registered with Windows (as part of the Registry) before your VB program can use the 
'object. In the VB IDE you can call up the Components Dialog Box which will list all of the objects
'(ActiveX files or exposed objects) thtat are available for your use. If you select one of the objects 
'for use, the object will appear on your VB IDE toolbox and can then be used just like any of the 
'intrinsic controls that you have already used.

'There is a utility called regsvr32.exe that comes with Windows which you will find very useful. 
'Regsvr32 allows you to manually register an OCX in the registry. The need to do this manually 
'can arise for a variety of reasons, but mostly because an installation program failed to automatically 
'make the registration. The code to register an OCX file is:

regsvr32 filename.ocx

'You can do this from a DOS command line or through the Start/Run menu option.

'Classes
'We're just about to get into the How of creating objects, but one more topic needs discussion 
'first. Before an object can be created, an object template must first be created. Once that 
'template is created a copy can be created. It's the copy with which you will work in your VB programs.

'In VB terminology, the template is called a class and the copies of the template are called 
'instances. In the registration process that we just discussed, it is the template, or class, of an 
'object that gets registered with Windows.

'Object Browser
'VB provides a tool with which you can browse all registered objects, including the properties 
'and methods which they expose. The Object Browser window can be displayed by pressing 
'F2 within the VB IDE. One advantage of the Object Browser over the properites window is 
'that the browser can show both properties and methods of the registered classes. Additionally, 
'the browser shows all registered objects, including the objects exposed by applications that 
'you have installed on your PC. It's the poor man's documentation of all usable classes on your PC!

'Creating Objects - References, Class Modules, & Collections
'You can create objects at both design time and run time. Controls, forms, and class modules 
'are examples of objects which you can create at design time (within the VB IDE). You can also 
'create controls and form objects at run time, as well as creating variable objects and collections 
'at run time. We'll cover these topics next in the tutorial.

'References
'It is possible use the DIM function to create a variable whose type is that of any registered 
'class. To do so, use this code:

Dim X as ListBox

'Variables which have been defined as an object type are useful because they can be made 
'to refer to an existing object. For example, this code, when used with the line of code just given, 
'associates X with the ListBox1 control.

Set X = ListBox1

'Notice the use of the Set statement? To establish a variable reference to an object, you 
'cannot simply use the equal sign. You must use the SET statement.

'There are several reasons why you should be interested in creating a second reference to a control.

'First of all, once the variable is set to reference the control, all of the control's properties 
'and methods and be accessed as follows:

X.name
is the same as
ListBox1.name

'If nothing else, using variables rather than the full name of the control can save you some 
'typing as you write your code.


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23 Database programming
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24 SQL
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..SQL - Structured Query Language
SQL is an industry standard language for querying a database - with the purpose to either retreive data or to modify
the data in the database.  SQL is intended to provide a plain-English method of accessing a database and to avoid
the need for custom programming.

An SQL query is a text string which tells VB what to include in a recordset or what actions to take against the data 
in a recordset.  Using SQL really does simplify the code you have to write in an application that utilizes databases. 
You can even write SQL queries which will modify many records in a single operation. Once I understood the basics, 
the use of SQL hit me like a revelation. It's easily one of the top 5 features of VB's database handling capabilities!

Sample SQL Queries

"Select * From Title Where [Year Published] < 1889"
"Delete From Titles Where [Year Published] < #1/1/1889#"
"Select Name, Picture From Authors Where Date_of_Birth = #2/1/1947#"
"Select * From Employees"
"Select [First Name], [Last Name] From Employees"
"Select Employees, Department, SupvName From Supervisors, Employees Where Employees.Department = Supervisorts.Department"
"Select Distinct [Last Name] From Employees"
"Select [Last Name], Salary From Employees Where Salary > 2100"
"Select * From Orders Where [Shipped Date] = #5/12/93#"
"Select [Product Name], Sum ([Units in Stock]) From Products Group By [Product Name]"
"Select * From Employees Order By [Last Name], Asc"
"Select [Last Name], [First Name] From Employees Order by 2 Asc"
"Select [Last Name], Salary From Employees Order By Salary, Desc, [Last Name]

Three things to note about the examples:

- "*" is used to denote all fields
- Dates are enclosed by pound signs, like this: "#2/1/1947#"
- Fields with multi-part names which include spaces are enclosed in brackets: [ ] 

To use SQL queries, set the RecordSource property of a data control to an SQL 
statement such as those above and refresh the control like this:

   Data3.RecordSource = "SELECT * FROM Agency ORDER BY [City]"
   Data3.Refresh

Just make sure that any references to fields match those contained in the actual 
database. Doing so will create a recordset whose content will match the constraints 
described by the SQL statement.

First of all, there are 5 parts to an SQL statement which you should recognize:

	Command		Clauses		Predicates	Operators		Aggregate Functions
	Create		From		Distinct		AND		Avg
	Drop		Where		Top		OR		Count
      	Alter		Group By				NOT		Sum
      	Select		Having				Between		Max
      	Insert		Order By				Like		Min
      	Update						In
      	Delete				

With a little inspection you can pretty much guess what each of these pieces of an SQL statement 
can do. However, here are a couple which you'll not want to miss and which I use pretty regularly. 
Don't miss the last one in my list, which is a very easy way to sort a recordset!

Select
      This is the most basic command which tells VB which fields to show in the recordset.
Delete
      Simple, but very powerful means of deleting many records at one time.
From
      Defines the Table from which the fields will be extracted.
Where
      Precedes the conditions by which records are selected from the database
Order By
      Sorts the records by any combination of fields you chose. 
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25 Limitations
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..VB has some specific limitations to keep in mind as code is written

Variable names		255 characters
Control names		40 characters
Controls per form		254 names (control array counts as one name)
Control array index		32,767
Nested controls		25 levels
Listbox elements		32K items, 1024 bytes max per item
Textbox			64K characters
Code per form		65,534 lines (applies to class and standard modules as well)
Code per procedure		64K lines
DLL declarations per module	1500
UDT variable size		64K
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26 Summary of functions
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'Functions available within VB can be broadly broken into the following categories:

'Strings  		Files		Folders   		Declarations
'Date/Time   	Registry		Misc	  	Arrays
'Math/Logic   	Error Handling   	Flow Control


'Strings           
Left     	Mid      	String
Right	Chr      	InstrRev
Trim     	Len      	Asc         
LTrim    	LSet     	Space  
RTrim    	RSet     	Replace
UCase    	Format   	StrComp
LCase    	Instr    	StrReverse
FormatCurrency    	StrConv 
FormatDateTime                  
FormatNumber
FormatPerCent


'Files / Folders            
Dir      	FileDateTime   	FreeFile     	Get      	Line Input 
ChDir    	FileLen         	Open          	Put      	Write
MkDir    	FileCopy        	Close         	Seek     	Print
ChDrive  	Lock            	Reset         	Input    	Spc
CurDir   	UnLock          	Lof           	Loc      	Tab
Name     	GetAttr         	Eof 
Kill     	SetAttr         	Width
RmDir    	FileAttr


'Declarations                        
Sub        	Call               		Set 
Function   CallByName         	Let 
Dim        	PropertyGet        	Event
ReDim      PropertySet        	ArrayName
Static     	PropertyLet        	Implements
Public     	Option Explicit    	Friend
Private    	Option Private     	Enum 
Const      	Option Compare     	TypeName 
Declare    Type...End Type     	VarType
Is         	GetObject          	DefType.
           	CreateObject                           
           	GetAutoServerSettings

'Date/Time 
Date          	MonthName
Time          	WeekDayName
Now          	Day
Timer         	Hour
DateAdd   	Minute
DateDiff   	Second
DateSerial 	TimeSerial
DateValue  	TimeValue
Year          	WeekDay
Month

'Registry
GetSetting
SaveSetting
DeleteSetting
GetAllSettings

'Miscellaneous
MsgBox     	Beep          	Load
DoEvents   	InputBox      	UnLoad
Shell      		AddressOf     	SavePicture
Command    	RaiseEvent    	LoadPicture
Environ    	Load          	LoadResData
RGB        		Me            	LoadResString
QBColor    	SendKeys      	AppActivate

'Arrays
Option Base
Erase
Dim
ReDim
UBound
LBound
Filter
Array


'Math/Logic
------------------------------------------------------------------
Hex    		Rnd   		Sqr       	Mod
Oct    		Sgn   		Abs       	And
Val    		Sin   		Atn      	Or   
Round  		Cos   		Log       	Xor
Int    		Tan             		Not
Fix    		Randomize		Eqv
Partition       				Like
Round           				Imp
CInt...         				Is         
Format
FormatNumber
FormatPerCent

'Error Handling
On Error
Resume
Resume Next
Resume Line

                                      
'Flow Control
While (cond)
...
Wend

Do While|Until (cond)
...
Loop While|Until (cond)

For Each X in Collection|Array
...
Next X

For i = 1 to j Step k
...
Next i

If (expression) Then
...
End if

Select Case (expression)
	Case (cond)
	Case (cond)
End Select
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27 Windows API access
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'API - Application Programming Interface

'When Microsoft wrote Windows they put a huge amount of code into procedure libraries 
'which programmers can access. No matter which language you're using (VB, C++, ...) you 
'can use these files (called the Windows Application Programming Interface, or API) to 
access the pre-written code to expand the power of your application.

'Windows has hundreds of files you can access, but the three most often used files are:
'- user32.dll 	controls the visible objects that you see on the screen
'- gdi32		home of most graphics oriented API
'- kernel32.dll	provides access to low level operating system features 

'Using procedures from other files is almost exactly the same as using procedures from within
'your own program.  The one big difference is that you must tell your application which file the 
'procedure is contained in. You must do this for each external procedure you plan to use.
'Telling VB about the procedure you want to use is known as "declaring" the procedure and
'the code to declare a procedure is as follows:

Declare Function ExitWindowsEx Lib "user32" (ByVal uFlags as Long, ByVal dwReserved as Long) as Long

'Let's take apart the declaration statement:

- Declare
'This is reserved word that VB uses to begin a declaration. There is no alternative - you have to use it.

- Function
'Also a reserved word, but in this case it distinguishes between a SUB procedured and a FUNCTION 
'procedure. The API use Function procedures so that they can return a value to indicate the results 
'of the action. Although you can discard the returned value, it's also possible to check the return value
'to determine that the action was successfully completed. completed. alternative - you have to use it.

-ExitWindowsEx
'Inside each DLL is a list of the procedures that it contains. Normally, in a VB declaration statement you 
'simply type in the name of the procedure just as it is named in the DLL. Sometimes, the DLL true name 
'of the procedure may be a name that is illegal in VB. For those cases, VB allows you to put in the text 
'string "Alias NewProcedurename" right behind the filename. In this example, VB would make a call to 
'the procedure by using the name "NewProcedureName".

- Lib 'user32'
'Here's where you tell VB which file the procedure is in. Normally you would put "user32.dll", showing the 
'extension of the procedure library. For the special case of the three Windows system DLLs listed above, 
'the API will recognize the files when simply named "user32", "kernel32", and "gdi32" - without the DLL 
'extensions shown. In most other cases you must give the complete file name. Unless the file is in the 
'system PATH, you must also give the complete path to the file.

-(ByVal uFlags as Long ...)
'Exactly like VB procedures, Windows API functions can have a list of arguments. However, while your 
'VB procedures often use arguments passed by reference (i.e., their values can be changed), most 
'Windows API require that the arguments be passed by value (i.e, a copy of the argument is passed 
'to the DLL and the originial variable cannot be changed).

'Also, you'll note that a constant or variable is normally used as the argument for an API call. It's 
'technically acceptable to simply use a number for an argument but it is common practice among 
'experienced programmers to create constants (or variables) whose name is easy to remember and 
'then to use those in the argument list. When you're reading or debugging your code later, the use 
'of these easy to read constant/variable names makes it much easier to figure out what went wrong!

- as Long
'This is exactly like the code you use to create your own functions. Windows API are functions which 
'return values and you must define what type of variable is returned. 

'Concerns
'Because the API code executes outside the VB program itself, your own program is susceptable to error
' in the external procedure. If the external procedure crashes, then your own program will crash as well. It 
'is not un-common for an API problem to freeze your system and force a reboot - casuing loss of data 
and/or code.

'Here are several issues/comments about using API which you will want to be aware of:

'Declare
'- DECLARE in standard module are PUBLIC by default and be used anywhere in your app
'- DECLARE in any other module are PRIVATE to that module and MUST BE marked PRIVATE
'- Procedure names for API are CASE-SENSITIVE

'ALIAS
'- Is the "real" name of the procedure as found in the DLL
'- If the API uses string, you MUST use ALIAS with "A" to specify the correct character set (A=ANSI W=UNICODE)
'- WinNT supports W, but Win95/Win98 do not
'- Some DLLs have illegal VB names, so you must use ALIAS to rename the procedure
'- Can also be the ordinal number of the procedure 

'Variable Type
'- Very few DLLs recognize VARIANT
'- ByRef is VB default
'- Most DLLs expect ByVal
'- In C documentation, C passes all arguments except arrays by value
'- AS ANY can be used but it turns off all type checking 

'Strings
'- API generally require fixed length strings
'- Pass string ByVal means passing pointer to first data byte in the string
'- Pass string ByRef means passing memory address to another memory addresss which refers to first data byte in the string
'- Most DLLs expect LPSTR (ASCIIZ) strings (end in a null character), which point to the first data byte
'- VB Strings should be passed ByVal (in general)
'- VB uses BSTR strings (header + data bytes) - BSTR is passed as a pointer to the header
'- DLL can modify data in a string variable that it receives as an argument - WARNING: if returned value is longer than passed value, system error occurs!
'- Generally, API do not expect string buffers longer than 255 characters
'- C & VB both treat a string array as an array of pointers to string data
'- Most API require you to pass the length of the string and to fill the string wih spaces 

'Arrays
'- Pass entire array by passing the first element of the array ByRef
'- Pass individual elements of array just like any other variable
'- If pass pass binary data to DLL, use array of Byte characters 

'Passing a null value
'- To pass a null value - zero-length string ("") will not work
'- To pass a null value - use vbNullString
'- To pass a null value - change Type to Long and then use 0& 

'Window Handle
'- A handle is simply a number assigned by Windows to each window
'- In VB, the handle is the same as the property hWnd
'- Handles are always Long variable types 

'Callbacks
'- Some API can run one of you own VB functions. Your VB function is called a "Callback"
'- Callback functions must be in a module. They cannot be in a form. 
'- Use AddressOf to pass a user-defined function that the DLL procedure can use
'- Must have specific set of arguments, AS DEFINED by the API procedure
'- Passed procedure must be As Any or As Long 

'Subclassing
'- All windows work by processing messages from the Windows operating system
'- You can change how a window responds to a message by intercepting the message
'- To intercept a message, use the API SetWindowsLong 

'Miscellaneous
'- Control properties MUST be passed by value (use intermediate value to pass ByRef)
'- Handles - always declare as ByVal Long
'- Variant - to pass Variant to argument that is not a Variant type, pass the Variant data ByVal
'- UDT - cannot be passed except as ByRef 
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28 ASCII Table
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0-9    48-57
A-Z    65-98
a-z     97-122

Tab       9  Tab
LF        10  Line feed
CR       13  carriage Return
Space  32  Space
!           33  exclamation
"          34  Double quote
#         35   pound sign
$          36  dollar sign
%         37  percent sign
&          38  ambersand
'           39  Single quote
(           40  Left parenthesis
)           41  Right parenthesiis
*           42  asterisk
+          43  plus sign
,           44  comma
-           45  minus sign
.           46  period
/          47  forward slash

:           58 colon
;           59 semi-colon
<          60 less than
=          61 equal sign
>          62 greater than
?          63 question
@        64 at sign

{         123  Left curly bracket
|          124  pipe
}         125  Right curly bracket
~        126 tilde

Codes 0-127
Code	Char 	Code	Char 	Code	Char 	Code	Char
0	<NUL> 	32	<space> 	64	@ 	96	`
1	<SOH> 	33	! 	65	A 	97	a
2	<STX> 	34	" 	66	B 	98	b
3	<ETX> 	35	# 	67	C 	99	c
4	<EOT> 	36	$ 	68	D 	100	d
5	<ENQ> 	37	% 	69	E 	101	e
6	<ACK> 	38	& 	70	F 	102	f
7	<BEL> 	39	' 	71	G 	103	g
8	<BS> 	40	( 	72	H 	104	h
9	<HT> 	41	) 	73	I 	105	i
10	<LF> 	42	* 	74	J 	106	j
11	<VT> 	43	+ 	75	K 	107	k
12	<FF> 	44	, 	76	L 	108	l
13	<CR> 	45	- 	77	M 	109	m
14	<SO> 	46	. 	78	N 	110	n
15	<SI> 	47	/ 	79	O 	111	o
16	<DLE> 	48	0 	80	P 	112	p
17	<DC1> 	49	1 	81	Q 	113	q
18	<DC2> 	50	2 	82	R 	114	r
19	<DC3> 	51	3 	83	S 	115	s
20	<DC4> 	52	4 	84	T 	116	t
21	<NAK> 	53	5 	85	U 	117	u
22	<SYN> 	54	6 	86	V 	118	v
23	<ETB> 	55	7 	87	W 	119	w
24	<CAN> 	56	8 	88	X 	120	x
25	<EM> 	57	9 	89	Y 	121	y
26	<> 	58	: 	90	Z 	122	z
27	<SUB> 	59	; 	91	[ 	123	{
28	<ESC> 	60	< 	92	\ 	124	|
29	<GS> 	61	= 	93	] 	125	}
30	<RS> 	62	> 	94	^ 	126	~
31	<US> 	63	? 	95	_ 	127	<DEL>

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29 Collections
Visual Basic
_tutorials

2005-02-21 11:26:35
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'Collections are objects which can contain many other objects, not necessarily 
'of the same type.  Limitation - collections cannot contain UDTs.

Dim MyCollection as New Collection

'Collections have these properties/methods:
..Add		'add an item to the collection
.Count		'number of objects in the collection
.Item		'reference to the object in the collection
.Remove		'removes the item from the collection

'members of a collection have an index and a key
Key 	'unique string value
Index	'Long integer between 1 and number of items in the collection

'refer to an item in a Collection in these ways:
MyCollection(Key)
MyCollection(Index)
'or
MyCollection.Item(Key)
MyCollection.Item(Index)

'iterate over a collection in two ways:
For i = 1 to MyCollection.Count
	'do something with MyCollection(i)
Next i

Dim X as Object
For Each X in MyCollection
	... do something with X
Next

'set a reference to an object in a collection this way
Set MyVar = MyCollection.Item(Index)

'to remove an item from a collection
MyCollection.Remove "Name"
MyCollection.Remove 2

'to clear a collection
Set MyCollection = Nothing
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30 Subclassing
Visual Basic
_tutorials
bookmark
2005-02-21 13:57:35
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'The Windows Operating System (OS) manages the various windows of your applications.
'Each window is given a unique id number (windows handle, also known as hWnd).  The
'OS continually monitors these windows for signs of activity or events - such as a mouse
'click or button press.  When an event occurs the OS determines which window(s) it affects
'and sends a message to those windows.  The windows respond according to the code
'the programmer has included in the project that contains those windows.

'VB either handles the message for you, or it exposes the message to you as an Event
'procedure, which is where you put your code to respond to the event.

'Each window has a message handler - code that will respond to the OS message.
'The message handler is called a WindowProc - short for window procedure.

'When a window is subclassed, you write a new window procedure that is inserted 
'between the OS and the original window procedure.  

'Your new procedure is responsible for deciding which messages to handle or which
'messages you want to pass on to the default WindowProc.

'Example of a custom WindowProc - put this in a .BAS module!
                                                                                          
Public Declare Function CallWindowProc& Lib "user32" Alias "CallWindowProcA" (ByVal lpPrevWndFunc&, ByVal hWnd&, ByVal Msg&, ByVal wParam&, ByVal lParam&)
Public Declare Function SetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "SetWindowLongA" (ByVal hWnd&, ByVal nIndex&, ByVal dwNewLong&) As Long
Const GWL_WNDPROC = -4
Public lpPrevWindowProc as Long

Public Function WindowProc(ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal iMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, ByVal lParam As Long) As Long
'this is the WindowProc that will be used to reply to Windows messages - takes over for the original WindowProc
   If iMsg = TargetMessage
        'do something of our own
        WindowProc = 0&
        Exit Function              ' exit the function - preventing VB from getting the message  - delete this to let both WindowProc run
   End If
  'pass all other messages on to VB and then return the value to Windows
  WindowProc = CallWindowProc(lpPrevWindowProce, hWnd, iMsg, wParam, lParam)    'passes parameters unchanged to original Windows message handler
End Function


'in load event of form, take over control of messages - save pointer to the original WindowProc
lpPrevWindowProc = SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_WNDPROC, AddressOf WindowProc)         'this is a CallBack

'in unload event of form - return control to the original WindowProc
Call SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_WNDPROC, lpPrevWindowProc)


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31 Distribution of applications
Visual Basic
_tutorials

2005-02-21 11:34:22
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..Normally a programmer creates a single setup / distribution
file which the user runs to install the application.

The setup file usually performs the following:
- creates required folder structure
- installs application EXE
- installs applicaton-specific files (data, help, ...)
- create Registry entrites required by the application
- installs the VB runtime files
- installs any OCXs/DLLs that are not a part of the runtime or the system OS
 
In addition to the EXE file that you create during compilation,
VB requires that some specific files be present on the PC before a 
user can use the application.

VB Runtime Files 
The intrinsic controls, functions, and other features of VB
are distributed across several files - called the VB runtime files.
These features are NOT included in the compiled EXE.
The VB run-time files must be on a PC before it can run VB
programs.

If a user has previously installed the VB run-time files, the files
do not have to be re-installed.  However, the VB programmer
usually has to assume that the files are not available, and include
them in his setup file.

The runtime files are:
msvbvm60.dll
stdole2.tlb
oleaut32.dll
olepro32.dll
comcat.dll
asycflt.dll
ctl3d32.dll

OCXs
Controls placed in an application, such as the RichTextBox or
the Treeview, exist in separate files.  They are not part of the VB
run-time files and must be included in the setup file.

Installation Tools
VB comes with it's own Setup Wizard for creating the setup
file, but most folks find the tool to be of limited value.  There
are other free tools on the market which do a better job.

I highly recommend Inno Setup at http://www.jrsoftware.org/isinfo.php

I have also use Install Creator	and found it to be excellent  http://www.clickteam.com



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Associate an extension with the app
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:01:12
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Option Explicit

Private Const HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT = &H80000000

Private Declare Function RegCreateKey Lib _
   "advapi32.dll" Alias "RegCreateKeyA" _
   (ByVal hKey As Long, ByVal lpSubKey As _
   String, phkResult As Long) As Long

Private Declare Function RegCloseKey Lib _
   "advapi32.dll" (ByVal hKey As Long) As Long

Private Declare Function RegSetValueEx Lib _
   "advapi32.dll" Alias "RegSetValueExA" _
   (ByVal hKey As Long, ByVal _
   lpValueName As String, ByVal _
   Reserved As Long, ByVal dwType _
   As Long, lpData As Any, ByVal _
   cbData As Long) As Long

Private Const REG_SZ = 1



Public Function CreateFileAssociation(AppName As String, _
ByVal AppExtension As String, AppCommand As String) As Boolean

    'Parameters:
    'AppName = name of application
    'AppExtension: = file extension

    'AppCommand = command line for application
    'Example:
    'CreateFileAssociation "Notepad", ".txt", "notepad.exe"

  Dim bAns As Boolean
  Dim sKeyName As String
  Dim sExtName As String
  AppExtension = Trim(AppExtension)
  If Left(AppExtension, 1) <> "." Then Exit Function
  sExtName = Mid(AppExtension, 2) & " File"
  
  bAns = WriteStringToRegistry(HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, _
    AppExtension, "", sExtName)
    
  If bAns Then bAns = WriteStringToRegistry(HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, _
      sExtName & "\shell\open\command", "", AppCommand)
      
  CreateFileAssociation = bAns
End Function

Private Function WriteStringToRegistry(hKey As _
  Long, strPath As String, strValue As String, _
  strdata As String) As Boolean
 

Dim bAns As Boolean

On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
   Dim keyhand As Long
   Dim r As Long
   r = RegCreateKey(hKey, strPath, keyhand)
   If r = 0 Then
        r = RegSetValueEx(keyhand, strValue, 0, _
           REG_SZ, ByVal strdata, Len(strdata))
        r = RegCloseKey(keyhand)
    End If
    
   WriteStringToRegistry = (r = 0)

Exit Function

ErrorHandler:
    WriteStringToRegistry = False
    Exit Function
    
End Function

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Check regional settings
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-16 15:30:20
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function  CheckRegionalSettings() As Boolean

Dim i As Integer
Dim temp1 As String

'check for Regional Setting
ChDir App.Path
Open "temp.txt" For Output As #1
Dim s As Single
s = 12.23
Print #1, s
Close #1
Open "temp.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, temp1
Close #1
i = InStr(temp1, ",")
If i <> 0 Then
    CheckRegionalSettings = True
Else
    CheckRegionalSettings = False
End If
end function
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Close a second app with SENDKEYS
Visual Basic
applications

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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'use SENDKEYS to Alt-F4 to end an application
'SecondAppTitle refers to what the application has in its Title bar
AppActivate SecondAppTitle
SendKeys "%(F4)", True
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Create a shortcut to your app in any folder
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:01:52
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'need reference In your program to Windows Script Host Object Model   wshom.ocx
'
Dim WS As WshShell
Dim oShellLink As WshShortcut

    Set WS = New WshShell
    Set oShellLink = WS.CreateShortcut("C:\myapplication.lnk")      'all shortcuts end In .LNK
    oShellLink.IconLocation = "C:\myapplication.ico"   'use for icon not In EXE file
    oShellLink.Description = "My Installation"
    oShellLink.WorkingDirectory = "c:\temp"    'your choice
    oShellLink.TargetPath = "C:\"    'most likely this:  App.Path & "\" & App.EXEName
    oShellLink.Save
    Set WS = Nothing
    Set oShellLink = Nothing


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Create desktop shortcut
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-06 19:32:17
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'reference to Windows Script Host Object Model is required

'this version goes to a folder of your choice
Dim wShell As New IWshShell_Class
Dim wShortcut As IWshShortcut_Class
Set wShortcut = wShell.CreateShortcut("d:\test.lnk")
wShortcut.TargetPath = "d:\test.txt"
wShortcut.Save

'and this version goes to the desktop
Dim wShell As New IWshShell_Class
Dim wShortcut As IWshShortcut_Class

Dim sDesktop as string              ' path of desktop
Dim sTargetPath as string         ' path to file for which a link is to be created

sDesktop = wShell.SpecialFolders.Item("Desktop")
sTargetPath = wShell.ExpandEnvironmentStrings("%windir%")

Set wShortcut = wShell.CreateShortcut(sDesktop & "filename.lnk")

wShortcut.TargetPath = sTargetPath & "\filename.exe"
wShortcut.Arguments = "" 
wShortCut.WorkingDirectory = sDesktop
wShortCut.Save

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Dialog - color - using API
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-02 23:26:02
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'API dialogs for file selections and color selections
Private Type CHOOSECOLOR
  lStructSize As Long
  hwndOwner As Long
  hInstance As Long
  rgbResult As Long
  lpCustColors As String
  Flags As Long
  lCustData As Long
  lpfnHook As Long
  lpTemplateName As String
End Type

Private Declare Function ChooseColorAPI Lib "comdlg32.dll" Alias _
  "ChooseColorA" (pChoosecolor As CHOOSECOLOR) As Long

Sub SelectColor()
  Dim CustomColors() As Byte
  Dim cc As CHOOSECOLOR
  Dim Custcolor(16) As Long
  Dim iReturn As Long
  cc.lStructSize = Len(cc)
  cc.hwndOwner = frmMain.hwnd
  cc.hInstance = 0
  cc.lpCustColors = StrConv(CustomColors, vbUnicode)
  cc.Flags = 0
  iReturn = ChooseColorAPI(cc)
  If iReturn <> 0 Then
     lblBackgroundColor.BackColor = cc.rgbResult
  End If
End Sub

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Dialog - file - using API
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-03 11:33:47
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Private Declare Function GetOpenFileName Lib "comdlg32.dll" Alias "GetOpenFileNameA" (pOpenfilename As OPENFILENAME) As Long

Private Type OPENFILENAME
  lStructSize As Long
  hwndOwner As Long
  hInstance As Long
  lpstrFilter As String
  lpstrCustomFilter As String
  nMaxCustFilter As Long
  nFilterIndex As Long
  lpstrFile As String
  nMaxFile As Long
  lpstrFileTitle As String
  nMaxFileTitle As Long
  lpstrInitialDir As String
  lpstrTitle As String
  Flags As Long
  nFileOffset As Integer
  nFileExtension As Integer
  lpstrDefExt As String
  lCustData As Long
  lpfnHook As Long
  lpTemplateName As String
End Type


Sub SelectFile()
  Dim OpenFile As OPENFILENAME
  Dim lReturn As Long
  Dim sFilter As String
  Dim BackImage As String

  OpenFile.lStructSize = Len(OpenFile)
  OpenFile.hwndOwner = frmMain.hwnd
  OpenFile.hInstance = App.hInstance
  sFilter = "Image Files (*.jpg)" & Chr(0) & "*.jpg" & Chr(0)
  OpenFile.lpstrFilter = sFilter
  OpenFile.nFilterIndex = 1
  OpenFile.lpstrFile = String(257, 0)
  OpenFile.nMaxFile = Len(OpenFile.lpstrFile) - 1
  OpenFile.lpstrFileTitle = OpenFile.lpstrFile
  OpenFile.nMaxFileTitle = OpenFile.nMaxFile
  OpenFile.lpstrInitialDir = App.path   '"C:\"
  OpenFile.lpstrTitle = "Select Background (Tile) Image File"
  OpenFile.Flags = 0
  lReturn = GetOpenFileName(OpenFile)
  If lReturn = 0 Then
     'no action
  Else
     txtTemp.Text = OpenFile.lpstrFile
     txtTemp.Text = Mid$(txtTemp.Text, InStrRev(txtTemp.Text, "\") + 1)
  End If
End Sub
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Dialog - folder - using APi
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-03 11:29:43
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Private Type BROWSEINFO
   hOwner           As Long
   pidlRoot         As Long
   pszDisplayName   As String
   lpszTitle        As String
   ulFlags          As Long
   lpfn             As Long
   lParam           As Long
   iImage           As Long
End Type

Private Const BIF_RETURNONLYFSDIRS = &H1
Private Const BIF_DONTGOBELOWDOMAIN = &H2
Private Const BIF_STATUSTEXT = &H4
Private Const BIF_RETURNFSANCESTORS = &H8
Private Const BIF_BROWSEFORCOMPUTER = &H1000
Private Const BIF_BROWSEFORPRINTER = &H2000
Private Const MAX_PATH = 260

Private Declare Function SHGetPathFromIDList Lib "shell32" _
   Alias "SHGetPathFromIDListA" _
  (ByVal pidl As Long, _
   ByVal pszPath As String) As Long

Private Declare Function SHBrowseForFolder Lib "shell32" _
   Alias "SHBrowseForFolderA" _
  (lpBrowseInfo As BROWSEINFO) As Long

Private Declare Sub CoTaskMemFree Lib "ole32" _
   (ByVal pv As Long)


Private Sub  SelectFolder()
  Dim bi As BROWSEINFO
  Dim pidl As Long
  Dim path As String
  Dim pos As Long
  With bi
    .hOwner = Me.hwnd
    .pidlRoot = 0&
    .lpszTitle = "Select image folder"
    .ulFlags = BIF_RETURNONLYFSDIRS
  End With
  pidl = SHBrowseForFolder(bi)
  path = Space$(MAX_PATH)
  If SHGetPathFromIDList(ByVal pidl, ByVal path) Then
     pos = InStr(path, Chr$(0))
     txtFolder.Text = LCase$(Left(path, pos - 1))
  End If
   Call CoTaskMemFree(pidl)
End Sub

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Dialog - font - using API
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-06 21:42:49
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Private Const LF_FACESIZE = 32
Private Type LOGFONT
    lfHeight As Long
    lfWidth As Long
    lfEscapement As Long
    lfOrientation As Long
    lfWeight As Long
    lfItalic As Byte
    lfUnderline As Byte
    lfStrikeOut As Byte
    lfCharSet As Byte
    lfOutPrecision As Byte
    lfClipPrecision As Byte
    lfQuality As Byte
    lfPitchAndFamily As Byte
    lfFaceName(LF_FACESIZE) As Byte
End Type
Private Type ChooseFont
    lStructSize As Long
    hwndOwner As Long          '  caller's window handle
    hdc As Long                '  printer DC/IC or NULL
    lpLogFont As Long           ' LOGFONT          '  ptr. to a LOGFONT struct
    iPointSize As Long         '  10 * size in points of selected font
    flags As Long              '  enum. type flags
    rgbColors As Long          '  returned text color
    lCustData As Long          '  data passed to hook fn.
    lpfnHook As Long           '  ptr. to hook function
    lpTemplateName As String     '  custom template name
    hInstance As Long          '  instance handle of.EXE that
                                   '    contains cust. dlg. template
    lpszStyle As String          '  return the style field here
                                   '  must be LF_FACESIZE or bigger
    nFontType As Integer          '  same value reported to the EnumFonts
                                   '    call back with the extra FONTTYPE_
                                   '    bits added
    MISSING_ALIGNMENT As Integer
    nSizeMin As Long           '  minimum pt size allowed &
    nSizeMax As Long           '  max pt size allowed if
                                   '    CF_LIMITSIZE is used
End Type
Private Declare Function ChooseFont Lib "comdlg32.dll" Alias "ChooseFontA" (pChoosefont As ChooseFont) As Long
Private Declare Sub CopyMemory Lib "kernel32" Alias "RtlMoveMemory" (hpvDest As Any, hpvSource As Any, ByVal cbCopy As Long)
Private Declare Function GlobalAlloc Lib "kernel32" (ByVal wFlags As Long, ByVal dwBytes As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function GlobalFree Lib "kernel32" (ByVal hMem As Long) As Long

Private Const GMEM_FIXED = &H0
Private Const GMEM_ZEROINIT = &H40
Private Const GPTR = (GMEM_FIXED Or GMEM_ZEROINIT)
Private Const CF_SCREENFONTS = &H1
Private Const CF_PRINTERFONTS = &H2
Private Const CF_BOTH = (CF_SCREENFONTS Or CF_PRINTERFONTS)
Private Const CF_SHOWHELP = &H4&
Private Const CF_ENABLEHOOK = &H8&
Private Const CF_ENABLETEMPLATE = &H10&
Private Const CF_ENABLETEMPLATEHANDLE = &H20&
Private Const CF_INITTOLOGFONTSTRUCT = &H40&
Private Const CF_USESTYLE = &H80&
Private Const CF_EFFECTS = &H100&
Private Const CF_APPLY = &H200&
Private Const CF_ANSIONLY = &H400&
Private Const CF_SCRIPTSONLY = CF_ANSIONLY
Private Const CF_NOVECTORFONTS = &H800&
Private Const CF_NOOEMFONTS = CF_NOVECTORFONTS
Private Const CF_NOSIMULATIONS = &H1000&
Private Const CF_LIMITSIZE = &H2000&
Private Const CF_FIXEDPITCHONLY = &H4000&
Private Const CF_WYSIWYG = &H8000 '  must also have CF_SCREENFONTS CF_PRINTERFONTS
Private Const CF_FORCEFONTEXIST = &H10000
Private Const CF_SCALABLEONLY = &H20000
Private Const CF_TTONLY = &H40000
Private Const CF_NOFACESEL = &H80000
Private Const CF_NOSTYLESEL = &H100000
Private Const CF_NOSIZESEL = &H200000
Private Const CF_SELECTSCRIPT = &H400000
Private Const CF_NOSCRIPTSEL = &H800000
Private Const CF_NOVERTFONTS = &H1000000


Sub ChooseFont ()
    Dim CF As ChooseFont, hMem As Long, LF As LOGFONT, aFontName As String
    hMem = GlobalAlloc(GPTR, Len(LF))
    CF.hInstance = App.hInstance
    CF.hwndOwner = hWnd
    CF.lpLogFont = hMem
    CF.lStructSize = Len(CF)
    CF.flags = CF_BOTH
    If ChooseFont(CF) Then
        CopyMemory LF, ByVal hMem, Len(LF)
        aFontName = Space$(LF_FACESIZE)
        CopyMemory ByVal aFontName, LF.lfFaceName(0), LF_FACESIZE
        With Picture1.Font
            .Name = CString(aFontName)
            .Bold = LF.lfWeight
            .Italic = LF.lfItalic
            .Size = CF.iPointSize / 10
            .Underline = LF.lfUnderline
            .Charset = LF.lfCharSet
            .Strikethrough = LF.lfStrikeOut
        End With
        Picture1.Cls
        Picture1_Paint
    End If
    GlobalFree hMem

End Sub

Private Function CString(aStr As String) As String
    CString = ""
    Dim k As Long
    k = InStr(aStr, Chr$(0))
    If k Then
        CString = Left$(aStr, k - 1)
    End If
End Function


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Find default application for a file
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-16 15:04:11
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Private Declare Function FindExecutable Lib "shell32.dll" Alias "FindExecutableA" _
                            (ByVal lpFile As String, ByVal lpDirectory As String, _
                            ByVal lpResult As String) As Long
Const MAX_PATH = 260


Dim iResult As Long
Dim Buffer As String
Buffer = Space$(MAX_PATH)
iResult = FindExecutable("c:\test.txt", "", Buffer)

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Find prior instance of EXE
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-02 23:27:13
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'VB has a built-in method to detect a prior instance of an application
If App.PrevInstance Then
    'there is a copy of the program already running
End If

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Get list of available fonts
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-16 14:58:40
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Private Sub CreateFontList()
' populate a list with system fonts
Dim Cnt As Long
Dim s1 As String
For Cnt = 1 To Screen.FontCount
   s1 = Screen.Fonts(Cnt)

   If s1 <> "" Then List1.AddItem s1
Next
List1.ListIndex = 0
End Sub
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Limit Size of Window
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-18 11:05:11
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Option Explicit
'A demo project showing how to prevent the user from making a window smaller
'or larger than you want them to, through subclassing the WM_GETMINMAXINFO message.
'by Bryan Stafford of New Vision Software® - newvision@mvps.org
'this demo is released into the Public domain "As Is" without
'warranty Or guaranty of Any kind.  In other words, use at
'your own risk.
  
' See the comments at the end of this Module for a brief explaination of
' what subclassing Is.
  
  Type POINTAPI
    X As Long
    Y As Long
  End Type

  ' the message we will subclass
  Public Const WM_GETMINMAXINFO As Long = &H24&

  Type MINMAXINFO
    ptReserved As POINTAPI
    ptMaxSize As POINTAPI
    ptMaxPosition As POINTAPI
    ptMinTrackSize As POINTAPI
    ptMaxTrackSize As POINTAPI
  End Type


  ' this var will hold a pointer to the original message handler so we MUST
  ' save it so that it can be restored before we exit the app.  If we don't
  ' restore it.... CRASH!!!!
  Public g_nProcOld As Long
  
  ' declarations of the API functions used
  Public Declare Sub CopyMemory Lib "kernel32" Alias "RtlMoveMemory" (lpDest As Any, lpSource As Any, _
                                                                                          ByVal cBytes&)
                                                                                          
  Public Declare Function CallWindowProc& Lib "user32" Alias "CallWindowProcA" (ByVal lpPrevWndFunc&, _
                                                    ByVal hwnd&, ByVal Msg&, ByVal wParam&, ByVal lParam&)
  
  Public Const GWL_WNDPROC As Long = (-4&)
    
  ' API Call To alter the class data for a window
  Public Declare Function SetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "SetWindowLongA" (ByVal hwnd&, _
                                                              ByVal nIndex&, ByVal dwNewLong&) As Long

'=====================================================================================

Public Function  WindowProc(ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal iMsg As Long, _
                                              ByVal wParam As Long, ByVal lParam As Long) As Long
    
  ' this Is *our* implimentation of the message handling routine
  
  ' determine which message was recieved
  Select Case iMsg
    
    Case WM_GETMINMAXINFO
      ' dimention a variable to hold the structure passed from Windows in lParam
      Dim udtMINMAXINFO As MINMAXINFO
      Dim nWidthPixels&, nHeightPixels&
      
      nWidthPixels = Screen.Width \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelX
      nHeightPixels = Screen.Height \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelY
      
      ' copy the struct to our UDT variable
      CopyMemory udtMINMAXINFO, ByVal lParam, Len(udtMINMAXINFO)
           
      With udtMINMAXINFO
        ' Set the width of the form when it's maximized
        .ptMaxSize.X = nWidthPixels '- (nWidthPixels \ 4)
        ' Set the height of the form when it's maximized
        .ptMaxSize.Y = nHeightPixels '- (nHeightPixels \ 4)
        
        ' Set the left of the form when it's maximized
        .ptMaxPosition.X = 0  'nWidthPixels \ 8
        ' Set the top of the form when it's maximized
        .ptMaxPosition.Y = 0  'nHeightPixels \ 8
        
        ' Set the max width that the user can drag the form
        .ptMaxTrackSize.X = .ptMaxSize.X
        ' Set the max height that the user can drag the form
        .ptMaxTrackSize.Y = .ptMaxSize.Y
        
        ' Set the min Width that the user can drag the form
        .ptMinTrackSize.X = 5550 \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelX  'nWidthPixels \ 4
        ' Set the min width that the user can drag the form
        .ptMinTrackSize.Y = 4400 \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelY  'nHeightPixels \ 4
      End With
           
      ' copy our modified struct back to the Windows struct
      CopyMemory ByVal lParam, udtMINMAXINFO, Len(udtMINMAXINFO)
  
      ' Return zero indicating that we have acted on this message
      WindowProc = 0&
      
      ' Exit the function without letting VB Get it's grubby little hands on the message
      Exit Function
      
  End Select
  
  ' pass all messages on to VB and then return the value to Windows
  WindowProc = CallWindowProc(g_nProcOld, hwnd, iMsg, wParam, lParam)

End Function

'==================================================
Private Sub  Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer)
  
  ' give message processing control back To VB
  ' If you don't do this you WILL crash!!!
If UseSubClassing Then Call SetWindowLong(hwnd, GWL_WNDPROC, g_nProcOld)

End Sub

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MRU for menus
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-06 10:52:48
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Sub UpdateApplicationMRUList(FileName As String)
'maintain a list of the last n files opened in the program
'recreate menu list each time program is opened

'---------------------------
'put this in the combolist itemclick event
combolist1.additem FileName

'if it already exists in the list, then remove it
Dim i As Long, Found As Boolean, n as Long
n = 5

For i = 2 To n
	'check to see if FileName is already in the list
    If LCase$(FileName) = LCase$(mnuFileName(i).Caption) Then Found = True
Next i

If Found = False Then
    mnuFileName(5).Caption = mnuFileName(4).Caption
    mnuFileName(4).Caption = mnuFileName(3).Caption
    mnuFileName(3).Caption = mnuFileName(2).Caption
    mnuFileName(2).Caption = mnuFileName(1).Caption
    mnuFileName(1).Caption = X
End If


mnuSeparator36.Visible = False
For i = 1 To 5
    mnuFileName(i).Visible = CBool(Len(Trim$(mnuFileName(i).Caption)))
    If mnuFileName(i).Visible = True Then mnuSeparator36.Visible = True
Next i

End Sub

'--------------------------- and run this at form load

mnuSeparator36.Visible = False
For i = 1 To 5
    mnuFileName(i).Visible = CBool(Len(Trim$(mnuFileName(i).Caption)))
    If mnuFileName(i).Visible = True Then mnuSeparator36.Visible = True
Next i

'----------------------------  and use this to save/get settings between sessions

        mnuFileName(1).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File1", "")
        mnuFileName(2).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File2", "")
        mnuFileName(3).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File3", "")
        mnuFileName(4).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File4", "")
        mnuFileName(5).Caption = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "File5", "")

        SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File1", mnuFileName(1).Caption
        SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File2", mnuFileName(2).Caption
        SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File3", mnuFileName(3).Caption
        SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File4", mnuFileName(4).Caption
        SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "File5", mnuFileName(5).Caption


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Open Help file
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:05:42
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'1. F1 Key
'Set app.Helpfile Property and Press F1

'2. API
Declare WinHelp ...

'bring up contents of Help file
iResult = WinHelp(Me.hwnd, "c:\yourfile.hlp")

'jump to topic (topic id=1000 in this example)
iResults = WinHelp(Me.hwnd, "c:\yourfile.hlp", HELP_CONTEXT, 1000&)

'bring up search window
iResults = WinHelp(Me.hwnd, "c:\yourfile.hlp", HELP_PARTIALKEY, ByVal "")

'quit Help
iResults = WinHelp(Me.hwnd, "c:\yourfile.hlp", HELP_QUIT, 0&)


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Popup menu
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-21 22:57:20
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'create a menu item 'mnuHiddenMenu' and set its .visible property to False
'then create sub-menu items under it with their .visible property to True

'In the MouseUp event of any control or form, place this:
If Button = vbRightButton Then PopupMenu mnuHiddenMenu

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Put app icon in system tray
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:08:17
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Private Declare Function Shell_NotifyIcon Lib "shell32.dll" (ByVal dwMessage As Long, lpData As NOTIFYICONDATA) As Long
'Private Declare Function Shell_NotifyIcon Lib "shell32.dll" Alias " Shell_NotifyIconA" (ByVal dwMessage As Long, lpData As NOTIFYICONDATA) As Long

'These three constants specify what you want to do
Private Const NIM_Add = &H0
Private Const NIM_DELETE = &H2
Private Const NIM_MODIFY = &H1

Private Const NIF_ICON = &H2
Private Const NIF_MESSAGE = &H1
Private Const NIF_TIP = &H4

Private Const WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK = &H203
Private Const WM_LBUTTONDOWN = &H201
Private Const WM_LBUTTONUP = &H202
Private Const WM_MOUSEMOVE = &H200
Private Const WM_RBUTTONDBLCLK = &H206
Private Const WM_RBUTTONDOWN = &H204
Private Const WM_RBUTTONUP = &H205

Private Type NOTIFYICONDATA
    cbSize As Long
    hwnd As Long
    uID As Long
    uFlags As Long
    uCallbackMessage As Long
    hIcon As Long
    szTip As String * 64
End Type

Private IconData As NOTIFYICONDATA



Sub ShowApp()
    Me.WindowState = vbNormal
    Shell_NotifyIcon NIM_DELETE, IconData
    Me.Show
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load()
With IconData
    .cbSize = Len(IconData)             ' The length of the NOTIFYICONDATA Type
    .hIcon = Me.Icon                    ' A reference to the form's icon
    .hwnd = Me.hwnd                     ' hWnd of the form
    .szTip = "My Tooltip" & Chr(0)      ' Tooltip String delimited with a Null character
    .uCallbackMessage = WM_MOUSEMOVE    ' The icon we're placing will send messages to the MouseMove event
    .uFlags = NIF_ICON Or NIF_TIP Or NIF_MESSAGE    ' It will have message handling and a tooltip
    .uID = vbNull                       ' uID is not used by VB, so it's set to a Null value
End With
End Sub

Private Sub Form_MouseMove(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single)
Dim Msg As Long
Msg = X / Screen.TwipsPerPixelX        ' The message Is passed to the X value
If Msg = WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK Then  ' The user has double-clicked your icon
    Call Command1_Click              ' Show the window
ElseIf Msg = WM_RBUTTONDOWN Then
    ' Right-click
    ' PopupMenu mnuPopup
    ' Popup the menu
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Resize()
If Me.WindowState = 1 Then
    Call Shell_NotifyIcon(NIM_Add, IconData)
    Me.Hide
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer)
    Shell_NotifyIcon NIM_DELETE, IconData
End Sub



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Put app in Explorer context menu
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-01-30 17:29:31
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Put app in SendTo menu
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:08:54
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'Get SendTo folder
Private Declare Function SHGetFolderPath Lib "shfolder" Alias "SHGetFolderPathA" (ByVal hwndOwner As Long, _
        ByVal nFolder As Long, ByVal hToken As Long, ByVal dwFlags As Long, ByVal pszPath As String) As Long
Private Const CSIDL_SENDTO As Long = &H9 '{user}\SendTo

Dim SendToFolder As String
Dim iReturn As Long
SendToFolder = String(MAX_PATH, 0)
iReturn = SHGetFolderPath(0, CSIDL, 0, SHGFP_Type_CURRENT, SendToFolder)

'Put shortcut there
'need reference in your program to Windows Script Host Object Model   wshom.ocx
'
Dim WS As WshShell
Dim oShellLink As WshShortcut

Set WS = New WshShell
Set oShellLink = WS.CreateShortcut("C:\myapplication.lnk") 'all shotcuts End In .LNK
oShellLink.IconLocation = "C:\myapplication.ico"   'use for icon not In EXE file
oShellLink.Description = "My Installation"
oShellLink.WorkingDirectory = App.path    'your choice
oShellLink.TargetPath = App.Path & "\" & App.EXEName
oShellLink.Save
Set WS = Nothing
Set oShellLink = Nothing
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Show/hide mouse cursor
Visual Basic
applications

2005-01-27 08:42:42
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'Just call ShowCursor and pass a false to hide it or a true to show it again.

Public Declare Function ShowCursor Lib "user32" Alias "ShowCursor" (ByVal bShow As Long) As Long

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Simulate a mouse click
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-18 11:09:05
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'click mouse at specific XY (In pixels) on a form

Public Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" _
    Alias "SendMessageA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, _
    ByVal wMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long
Public Sub SendClick(lnghWND As Long, x As Long, y As Long)
Private Const WM_LBUTTONDOWN = &H201
Private Const WM_LBUTTONUP = &H202


Dim iResult As Long
Dim lParam As Long
lParam = (y * &H10000) + x
iResult = SendMessage(lnghWND, WM_LBUTTONDOWN, 0&, ByVal lnglParam)
iResult = SendMessage(lnghWND, WM_LBUTTONUP, 0&, ByVal lnglParam)
End Sub


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Start new application and wait for it to finish
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-18 11:09:15
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Private Declare Function OpenProcess Lib "kernel32" (ByVal dwDesiredAccess As Long, ByVal bInheritHandle As Long, ByVal dwProcessId As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function WaitForSingleObject Lib "kernel32" (ByVal hHandle As Long, ByVal dwMilliseconds As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function CloseHandle Lib "kernel32" (ByVal hObject As Long) As Long

Private Const SYNCHRONIZE = &H100000
Private Const INFINITE = -1&

'start the indicated program and wait for it to finish
Private Sub ShellAndWait(ByVal program_Name As String)
Dim process_id As Long
Dim process_handle As Long

process_id = Shell(program_Name, vbNormalFocus)
process_handle = OpenProcess(SYNCHRONIZE, 0, process_id)
If process_handle <> 0 Then
    WaitForSingleObject process_handle, INFINITE
    CloseHandle process_handle
End If
End Sub
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Startup with Windows (use wshom)
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-16 09:52:54
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'two options - both require reference to Windows Script Host Object Mode (wshom.ocx)

'add a registry entry in HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
Dim oShell As IWshShell_Class
Set oShell = New IWshShell_Class
oShell.RegWrite "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\MyVBApp", _
                   "c:\app\appname.exe", "REG_SZ"


'put shortcut in startup menu
'include reference in VB program to Windows Script Host Object Mode (wshom.ocx)
Dim oShell As IWshShell_Class
Dim oSCut As IWshShortcut_Class
Dim sPath As String

Set oShell = New IWshShell_Class
sPath = oShell.SpecialFolders("Startup")
Set oSCut = oShell.CreateShortcut(sPath & "\TestStartup.lnk")
oSCut.TargetPath = cPGM
oSCut.Save
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Stop flickering
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-09 16:29:05
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Declare Function LockWindowUpdate Lib "user32" (ByVal hwndLock As Integer) As Integer

Form1_Load()

'While loading a form
LockWindowUpdate frmTest.hWnd

'show it
fromTest.show

'Unlock
LockWindowUpdate 0




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Test if application is running within IDE
Visual Basic
applications
Top100
2005-02-02 08:18:26
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Public Function IsIDE() As Boolean
On Error GoTo ExitHandler
Debug.Print 1 / 0  'doesn't compile, so doesn't execute in EXE
ExitHandler:
IsIDE = Err        '1/0 gives error only in IDE.  False = no error,  True = error
End Function

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Toggle menu checkmark
Visual Basic
applications

2005-02-09 16:41:41
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MyMenu.checked = Not MyMenu.checked

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Convert an array to lower case
Visual Basic
arrays
string, text, lower, case
2005-02-18 11:10:20
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'first join all elements, separated by a delimiter of your choice - "++++" In this example
'Then make the entire string lower case
'finally, use split to take apart the string and place it In an array

Dim temp As String, MyArray As Variant
temp = Join(Myarray,"++++")
temp = LCase$(temp)
MyArray = Split(temp,"++++")

'here Is a second approach
Dim i As Long
For i = 0 To UBound(MyArray)
    MyArray(i) = LCase$(MyArray)
Next i

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Cycle through an array
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100
2005-02-02 15:19:02
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Dim i as Long
For i = lbound(MyArray) to ubound(MyArray)
    'do something with MyArray(i)
Next i

'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
Dim MyArray(100)   'default lower limit is zero in VB
For i = 0 to 100
    'do something to MyArray(i)
Next i
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Deal a deck of cards
Visual Basic
arrays
games, cards, card deck
2005-02-16 14:55:30
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Dim Cards(52), i As Integer, j As Integer, temp As Integer
'shuffle the deck
For i = 1 To 52
   'randomly pick a swap position    
    j = Int (52)
   'swap the current position And the random position
   temp = Cards(i)
   Cards(i) = Cards(j)
   Cards(j) = temp
Next i
'cards() Now contains random selection of cards positions - 1 thru 52
   
    
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Erase an array
Visual Basic
arrays

2005-02-18 11:10:45
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'works on fixed-length and dynamic arrays
'but if used on dynamic array, must ReDim before re-using

Erase MyArray() 

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Randomly shuffle an array
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100 random shuffle
2005-02-18 11:10:56
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'assumes MyArray already exists and is filled with data
'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
'set temp variable to same type as MyArray
Dim i As Long, j As Long, temp As Variant
Randomize
For i = LBound(MyArray) To UBound(MyArray)
    'randomly pick an element of the array to swap with element i
    j = Int((UBound(MyArray)) * Rnd + 1)
    temp = MyArray(i)
    MyArray(i) = MyArray(j)
    MyArray(j) = temp
Next i

    
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Remove element from array by content
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100 remove delete
2005-02-02 15:14:27
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'removes only the first instance of the array that matches the value
'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
'TestValue and MyArray should have the same Type
Dim i as Long, j as Long
For i = LBound(MyArray) to UBound(MyArray) -1
    If MyArray(i) = TestValue Then
        For j = i to UBound(MyArray)-1
            MyArray(j) = MyArray(j+1)
        Next j
        Exit For
    End if
Next i

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Remove element from array by position
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100
2005-02-18 11:11:28
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'1. order is not preserved In this approach, but very simple
MyArray(ItemToBeDeleted) = MyArray(UBound(MyArray))
ReDim Preserve MyArray(UBound(MyArray)-1)

'2. order Is maintained
Dim i As Long, N As Long
'assumes N is the position In MyArray to remove
For i = N To UBound(MyArray)-1
    MyArray(i) = MyArray(i+1)
Next i
ReDim Preserve MyArray(UBound(MyArray)-1)

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Search an array
Visual Basic
arrays
Top100
2005-02-02 15:19:42
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'search for first occurrence of TestValue in MyArray
'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
'TestValue and MyArray should have the same type 
Dim TestValue as string
TestValue = "searchstring"
For i = lbound(MyArray) to ubound(MyArray)
    If MyArray(i) = TestValue then
       'value found, do something
	Exit For    'stop searching
    End if
next i


'search all elements of MyArray for TestValue
'if you know the upper/lower limits of the array, just use them
'TestValue and MyArray should have the same type
Dim TestValue as string
TestValue = "searchstring"
For i = lbound(MyArray) to ubound(MyArray)
    If MyArray(i) = TestValue then
        'value found, do something, then continue searching
    End if
next i



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Write an entire array into a file #1
Visual Basic
arrays
write, array, text file
2005-01-24 21:58:22
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'assumes MyArray exists
Open "filename.txt" for Binary as #1
Put #1, MyArray
Close #1

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Write an entire array into a file #2
Visual Basic
arrays

2005-01-24 21:58:22
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'assumes MyArray exists
Open "myfile.txt" For Output as #1
For i = 0 to UBound(MyArray)
    Print #1, MyArray(i)
Next i
Close #1
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Copy image to clipboard
Visual Basic
clipboard
Top100
2005-02-02 15:24:30
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'use picture property of form, picturebox, or image control
ClipBoard.Clear
ClipBoard.Setdata picture1.picture

'here's a second approach, using a picture from a .BMP file
'use picture with these extensions  BMP, ICO, CUR, RLE, WMF, EMF, GIF, JPG
ClipBoard.Clear
ClipBoard.Setdata LoadPicture("filename.bmp")

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Copy selection to clipboard 
Visual Basic
clipboard

2005-02-16 15:30:01
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sub  CopyToClipboard()
Clipboard.Clear
If txtVisible.SelLength = 0 Then
    Clipboard.SetText txtVisible.Text
Else
    Clipboard.SetText txtVisible.SelText
End If
end sub
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Copy text to clipboard
Visual Basic
Clipboard
Top100
2005-02-02 15:24:44
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'be sure to clear the clipboard first
Clipboard.Clear
Clipboard.SetText MyString

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All - automatically highlight content on focus
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-18 11:11:59
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Sub  SelectAll()
'Put this in the GotFocus event of a textbox 
Me.ActiveControl.SelStart = 0
Me.ActiveControl.SelLength = Len(Me.ActiveControl.Text)
End Sub

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All - capture any key
Visual Basic
controls
Top100  ascii  keycode
2005-02-03 13:03:27
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'in the KeyPress event of any control
If KeyAscii = vbKeyReturn Then
   'KeyAscii does not recognize all keys, only those with Ascii equivalents
   'this example finds the Enter Key (Ascii code 13)
   'other key/ascii codes that KeyPress recognizes include: 
   'vbKeySpace (32) vbKeyBack (8) vbKeyTab (9)
   'use KeyUp / KeyDown events to recognize other keys which do not
   'have Ascii equivalents arrows, function keys, 
 
   MSGBox "Enter was pressed!"

   'after doing something, set KeyAscii to zero to prevent VB from doing anything else  
   KeyAscii = 0
End If

'this is the same as using character code constants
If KeyAscii = 13 then
	MSGBox "Enter was pressed"
End If

'KeyCode represents the physical key that is pressed/released (all keys except TAB)
'in the KeyUp events
If KeyCode = vbKeyReturn Then
	MSGBox "Enter key was released"
End If

'in the KeyDown events
If KeyCode = vbKeyReturn Then
	MSGBox "Enter key was pressed"
End If

'other useful KeyCode constants include:
'vbKeyLButton vbKeyRButton
'vbKeyReturn
'vbKeyShift
'vbKeyControl
'vbKeyEscape
'vbKeySpace
'vbKeyUp vbKeyDown vbKeyLeft vbKeyRight
'vbKeyPageUp  vbKeyPageDown  vbKeyEnd  vbKeyHome
'vbKeyF1 - vbKey16

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All - force lower case as keys are entered
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-03 12:52:26
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'in the KeyPress event of the control

'force lower case
KeyAscii = Asc(LCase(Chr(KeyAscii))) 

'force upper case
KeyAscii = Asc(UCase(Chr(KeyAscii))) 


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All - use Enter key to move to next control in TAB sequence
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 13:45:43
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'in the key-press event
If KeyAscii = 13 Then
	SendKeys "{Tab}"
	KeyAscii = 0
End If

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Checkbox - set with Boolean value
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-09 14:29:04
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'vbChecked = 1
'vbUnChecked = 0

'Abs(True) = 1
'Abs(False) = 0

checkbox1.checked = vbChecked
checkbox1.checked = Abs(True)

checkbox1.checked = vbUnChecked
checkbox1.checked = Abs(False)



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ComboBox - change width of drop down part
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 15:07:23
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Private Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" Alias "SendMessageA" _
       (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal wMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long

Public Sub SetComboWidth(X As ComboBox, iWidth As Long)
    SendMessage X.hwnd, &H160, iWidth, 0&
End Sub


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ComboBox - create MRU for dropdown list
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-06 21:44:32
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'this code tracks the last 10 manual entries into a combolist
'put this in the Keypress event of the combolist

If KeyAscii = 13 then
'this takes effect only when Enter is pressed

'check to see if the entry already exists in the list
'use of LCase make the code case-insensitive
Dim i As Long, Found As Boolean
For i = 0 To cmbList.ListCount - 1
    If LCase$(cmbList.Text) = LCase$(cmbList.List(i)) Then
        Found = True
        Exit For
    End If
Next i

'if the text entry is a new item, add it to the top of the list
If Found = False Then cmbList.AddItem cmbList.Text, 0
'limit the list to 10 items (drop off bottom item on the list)
If cmbList.ListCount > 10 Then cmbList.RemoveItem (10)

'save the list to a text file if a new item is entered
If Found = True Then
  Open "searchlist.txt" for Output As #1
  For i = 0 to cmbList.Listcount -1
    Print #1, cmbList.list(i)
  Next i
  Close #1
End If

End If


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ComboBox - remove multiple selected items
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-18 11:12:31
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'To delete multiple selected items, loop backwards To avoid problems
Dim iCount As Long
For iCount = List1.ListCount - 1 To 0 Step -1
    If List1.Selected(iCount) = True Then List1.RemoveItem iCount
Next iCount

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Common dialog - multiple files from common dialog
Visual Basic
controls

2005-01-27 15:26:27
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Private Sub cmdOpen_Click()
    Dim sFileNames() As String
    Dim iCount As Integer

    cd.Filter = "All Files|*.*"
    cd.Flags = cdlOFNAllowMultiselect
    cd.ShowOpen

    If cd.FileName <> "" Then
        sFileNames = Split(cd.FileName, Chr(32))
        For iCount = LBound(sFileNames) To UBound(sFileNames)
            MsgBox sFileNames(iCount), vbInformation
        Next

    End If
End Sub

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Common dialog - SaveAs code
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-06 17:22:04
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On Error GoTo ExitmnuInOpen

'open dialog box to get new FileName
CommonDialog1.Flags = cdlOFNHideReadOnly
CommonDialog1.InitDir = App.Path
CommonDialog1.FileName = "*.txt"
CommonDialog1.DefaultExt = "txt"
CommonDialog1.Filter = "Text Files (*.txt)|*.txt"
CommonDialog1.DialogTitle = "Save As"
CommonDialog1.ShowOpen


If CommonDialog1.FileName <> "*.txt" Then
    FileName = CommonDialog1.FileName
    If FileExists(FileName) Then Kill FileName
    Open FileName For Binary As #1
    Put #1, , txtVisible.Text
    Close #1
'    StatusBar1.SimpleText = FileName
    StatusBar1.Panels(1).Text = FileName
    txtHidden.Text = txtVisible.Text
End If

ExitmnuInOpen:


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File System Controls - how to synchronize
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 15:30:45
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'use the 3 intrinsic list boxes:   DriveListBox, DirListBox, FileListBox

'=============
'DriveListBox code - Change Event
Private Sub  Drive1_Change()
Dir1.Path = Drive1.Drive
End Sub

'=============
'DirListBox code - Change Event
Private Sub  Dir1_Change()
File1.Path = Dir1.Path
End Sub


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Imagelist - add images at run time
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-03 15:20:09
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Dim KeyText as String
KeyText = "IconName"  'use this name in code to reference the icon
ImageList1.ListImages.Add , KeyText, LoadPicture("myicon.ico")

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Listbox - use API for fast search
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 15:09:23
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Private Declare Function SendMessageString Lib "user32" _
    Alias "SendMessageA" _
    (ByVal hwnd As Long, _
    ByVal wMsg As Long, _
    ByVal wParam As Long, _
    ByVal lParam As String) As Long
Private Const LB_FINDSTRING = &H18F
Private Const LB_FINDSTRINGEXACT = &H1A2

Dim iIndex As Long
Dim FindString As String
FindString = "FindThis"
iIndex = SendMessageString(List1.hwnd, LB_FINDSTRINGEXACT, -1, FindString)
If iIndex > -1 Then List1.ListIndex = iIndex

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Listbox - use API to select all
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-09 14:46:18
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Private Declare Function SendMessageString Lib "user32" _
    Alias "SendMessageA" _
    (ByVal hwnd As Long, _
    ByVal wMsg As Long, _
    ByVal wParam As Long, _
    ByVal lParam As String) As Long
Const WM_USER = &H400
Const LB_SETSEL = (WM_USER + 6)

iReturn = SendMessage(lst.Wnd, LB_SETSEL, bState, -1
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ListView - autosize column widths
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-09 12:55:16
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Public Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" _
    Alias "SendMessageA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, _
    ByVal wMsg As Long, _
    ByVal wParam As Long, _
    lParam As Any) As Long
Const LVM_SETCOLUMNWIDTH = &H1000 + 30
Const LVSCW_AUTOSIZE =  -1
Const LVSCW_AUTOSIZE_USEHEADER = -2

'LV is the ListView control
Dim col As Long
For col = 0 To LV.ColumnHeaders.Count -1
    SendMessage LV.hwnd, LVM_SETCOLUMNWIDTH, col, LVSCW_AUTOSIZE_USEHEADER
Next col
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Optionbutton - determine which is selected
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-09 14:31:31
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Selected = Option(0).value * 0 + Option(1).value * 1 + Option(2).value * 2

'Or

For i = 0 To n
   Selected = Option(i).value * i
Next i

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Picturebox - remove image
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 15:44:38
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Picture1.LoadPicture()

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Richtextbox - find and replace
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-18 11:13:02
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'Each time called, finds next occurence of StringToFind
Static S_Start As Long, StringToFind As String
S_Start = RichTextBox1.Find(StringToFind, S_Start)
If S_Start = -1 Then
    MsgBox "Not found"
Else
    RichTextBox1.SetFocus
    S_Start = S_Start + Len(StringToFind)
End If
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Richtextbox - first visible line/position of 1st char on the line
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-05 23:07:41
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Public Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" Alias "SendMessageA" _
(ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal wMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long

Public Const EM_LINEINDEX = &HBB
Public Const EM_GETFIRSTVISIBLELINE = &HCE

iTopLine = SendMessage(RichTextBox1.hwnd, EM_GETFIRSTVISIBLELINE, 0, 0))
iPositionofFirstCharOfTopLine = SendMessage(RichTextBox1.hWnd, EM_LINEINDEX, iTopLine, 0&)
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Richtextbox - merge contents of two richtextboxes
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-16 16:02:59
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'put contents of richtextboxes 1 & 2 into a third richtextbox
RichTextBox1.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox1.SelLength = Len(RichTextBox1.Text)

RichTextBox2.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox2.SelLength = Len(RichTextBox2.Text)

RichTextBox3.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox3.SelLength = Len(RichTextBox3.Text)
RichTextBox3.SelRTF = RichTextBox1.SelRTF
RichTextBox3.SelStart = Len(RichTextBox3.Text)
RichTextBox3.SelLength = 0
RichTextBox3.SelText = vbCrLf
RichTextBox3.SelStart = Len(RichTextBox3.Text)
RichTextBox3.SelLength = 0
RichTextBox3.SelRTF = RichTextBox2.SelRTF

RichTextBox1.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox1.SelLength = 0
RichTextBox2.SelStart = 0
RichTextBox2.SelLength = 0

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Richtextbox - prevent flicker of richtextbox during reposition
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-03 10:31:19
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'this is more of a technique rather than code

'put richtextbox content in a hidden richtextbox
RichTextBoxHidden = RichTextBoxVisible

'then make all changes to the hidden richtextbox

'then put hidden content into visible box
RichTextBoxVisible = RichTextBoxHidden
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Richtextbox - word wrap
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-16 16:02:46
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'On - set rightmargin very small
txtCode.RightMargin = txtCode.Width - 25

'0ff - set right margin very wide (1001 is arbitrary width)
txtCode.RightMargin = 1001 * frmMain.TextWidth("a")

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Textbox - automatically highlight content
Visual Basic
controls
selection, textbox, highlight
2005-02-18 11:13:28
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'Put this in the GotFocus event
text1.selstart = 0
text1.sellength = Len(text1.sellength)

'Or use this as a subroutine that all textboxes can call
Me.ActiveControl.SelStart = 0
Me.ActiveControl.SelLength = Len(Me.ActiveControl.Text)
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The two lines of code must be in the order given.

If you reverse the two lines of code it won't work properly

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Textbox - select all text on focus
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-18 11:13:34
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Sub  SelectAll()
'Put this in the GotFocus event of a textbox 
Me.ActiveControl.SelStart = 0
Me.ActiveControl.SelLength = Len(Me.ActiveControl.Text)
End Sub

'this is an alternative for a specific textbox
txtOut.SelStart = 0
txtOut.SelLength = Len(txtOut.Text)
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Textbox - undo (API)
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-16 14:07:28
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Public Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" Alias "SendMessageA" _
(ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal wMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long

Const WM_USER = &H400
Const EM_UNDO = WM_USER + 23

iResult = SendMessage(myControl.hWnd, EM_UNDO, 0,0)


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Textbox - use Enter as TAB
Visual Basic
controls
enter, textbox
2005-02-18 11:13:49
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'put this in the textbox click event
If KeyAscii = vbKeyEnter then KeyAscii = vbKeyTAB

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Timer - extend control to large intervals
Visual Basic
controls

2005-02-08 18:07:34
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Sub Timer1_Timer()
'set Interval property to 60  = 1 minute
'Timer normally is good for about 1 minute
Static iMinutes
iMinutes = iMinutes + 1

If iMinutes Mod 5 <> 0 Then Exit Sub   '5 is the extended number of minutes

'you reached the extended time - do something
MSGBox "The timer hit 5 minutes"

'reset the timer to begin counting again
iMinutes = 0

End Sub

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Toolbar - responding to button selection
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-01-31 11:37:45
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Private Sub  Toolbar1_ButtonClick(ByVal Button As MSComctlLib.Button)
    Select Case Button.Key
        Case "selectfolder"
            If ToolBar.Buttons("selectfolder").Value = tbrPressed Then
                'Do something
            End If
        Case "copylist"
             'Do a copy thing
        Case "email"
             'Do an email thing
    End Select
End Sub
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Toolbar - responding to menu selection
Visual Basic
controls

2005-01-27 12:18:27
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Private Sub  Toolbar1_ButtonMenuClick(ByVal ButtonMenu As MSComctlLib.ButtonMenu)

If ButtonMenu.Parent.Key = "game" Then
    'Do something
End If

If ButtonMenu.Parent.Key = "speed" Then
    'Do something else
End If

End Sub
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TreeView - set background color
Visual Basic
controls

2005-01-27 12:44:55
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'for setting treeview backcolor
Private Declare Function GetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "GetWindowLongA" (ByVal hWnd _
    As Long, ByVal nIndex As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function SetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "SetWindowLongA" (ByVal hWnd _
    As Long, ByVal nIndex As Long, ByVal dwNewLong As Long) As Long
Const GWL_STYLE = -16&
Const TVM_SETBKCOLOR = 4381&
Const TVS_HASLINES = 2&


    Dim lStyle As Long
    Dim TVNode As Node
         
    ' set the BackColor for every node
    For Each TVNode In TV.Nodes
        TVNode.BackColor = BackColor
    Next

    ' set the BackColor for the TreeView's window
    SendMessage TV.hWnd, TVM_SETBKCOLOR, 0, ByVal BackColor
    ' get the current style
    lStyle = GetWindowLong(TV.hWnd, GWL_STYLE)
    ' temporary hide lines
    SetWindowLong TV.hWnd, GWL_STYLE, lStyle And (Not TVS_HASLINES)
    ' redraw lines
    SetWindowLong TV.hWnd, GWL_STYLE, lStyle

'=============

Dim hwndTV As Long
   Dim Style As Long
   hwndTV = TV1.hWnd     'Change the background
   Call SendMessageLong(hwndTV, TVM_SETBKCOLOR, 0, clrref)
  'reset the treeview style so the
  'tree lines appear properly
   Style = GetWindowLong(TV1.hWnd, GWL_STYLE)
  'if the treeview has lines, temporarily
  'remove them so the back repaints to the
  'selected colour, then restore
   If Style And TVS_HASLINES Then
      Call SetWindowLong(hwndTV, GWL_STYLE, Style Xor TVS_HASLINES)
      Call SetWindowLong(hwndTV, GWL_STYLE, Style)
   End If
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TreeView - traverse the tree
Visual Basic
controls
Top100
2005-02-15 08:53:35
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Public Sub TraverseTree(objNode As Node, Level)
'recursive
Dim objSiblingNode As Node
Set objSiblingNode = objNode
Do
    'optional - txtResults = txtResults & Level & " .. " & objSiblingNode.Text & Chr(13) & Chr(10)
    If Not objSiblingNode.Child Is Nothing Then Call TraverseTree(objSiblingNode.Child, Level + 1)
    Set objSiblingNode = objSiblingNode.Next
Loop While Not objSiblingNode Is Nothing
End Sub

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Time - elapsed time between 2 dates
Visual Basic
date-time
Top100
2005-02-09 20:40:42
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'elapsed Time between dates (D2 - D1)
'subtracting 2 dates give a Single which Is the number of days
Dim D1 As Date
Dim D2 As Date
DDays = D2 - D1

'calculate all other values As a Function of DDays
DYears = DDays / 365
DMonths = DDays / 365 / 12
DHours = DDays * 24
DMinutes = DDays * 24 * 60
DSeconds = DDays * 24 * 60 * 60

'==========================================
'alternate approach
'get difference between to Dates, in an internval of your choice
Dim D1 As Date
Dim D2 As Date
Dim Interval as String
Interval =  yyyy |  q  |  m  |  y  |  d  |  w  |  ww  |  h  |  n  |  s
Year |  Quarter  |  Month  |  Day of year  |  Day  |  Weekday  |  Week  |  Hour  |  Minute  |  Second
Dim Result 
Result = DateDiff("d", D1, D2)	'days between the dates
Result = DateDiff("w", D1, D2)	'weekdays between the dates
Result = DateDiff("h", D1, D2)	'hours between the dates

'the VB function 'DatePart' lets you extract just a part of the date
'the VB function 'DateAdd' lets you add an interval(s) to a date



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Timer - milliseconds between 2 events
Visual Basic
date-time
Top100
2005-02-09 20:40:36
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'API For Time keeping
Private Declare Function GetTickCount Lib "kernel32" () As Long

'use this throughout the program to time between two events
Dim iStart As Long, iEnd As Long, Result As String
iStart = GetTickCount
iEnd = GetTickCount
Result = FormatNumber((iEnd - iStart) / 1000, 3) & " seconds "



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Determine if file is binary
Visual Basic
files binary

2005-02-16 15:31:29
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function  IsBinary() As Boolean
Dim i As Long, Char As String * 1, j As Long
Open MergePathData(lstFiles.Path, lstFiles.List(lstFiles.ListIndex)) For Binary As #1
IsBinary = False
If LOF(1) > 0 Then
    j = 10
    If LOF(1) < j Then j = LOF(1)
    For i = 1 To j
        Get #1, i, Char
        Select Case Asc(Char)
            Case 9, 10, 13
                'accept TAB, vbCRLF. no action
            Case 0 To 31, 128 To 255
                IsBinary = True
                Exit For
        End Select
    Next i
End If
Close #1
end function
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Display only text conten of binary file
Visual Basic
files binary

2005-02-16 15:31:17
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sub  DisplayStrippedBinaryFile(X As String)
Dim temp As String, i As Long, temp2 As String, C As String, j As Long

Screen.MousePointer = vbHourglass

txtFileViewer.Text = " ... loading binary file  ...  please wait! "
DoEvents

Open X For Binary As #1
temp = Input(LOF(1), #1)
Close #1

For i = 1 To Len(temp)
        C = Mid$(temp, i, 1)
        Select Case C
            Case "A" To "Z", "a" To "z", "0" To "9", " ", "."
                temp2 = temp2 & C
                j = j + 1
                If j Mod 50 = 0 Then
                    temp2 = temp2 & vbCrLf
                    DoEvents
                End If
        End Select
Next i

txtFileViewer.Text = "<binary file>" & vbCrLf & temp2

Screen.MousePointer = vbDefault
end sub
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Open file with default Windows application
Visual Basic
files binary
open, default, file, application
2005-01-09 00:27:13
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Public Declare Function ShellExecute Lib "SHELL32.DLL" Alias "ShellExecuteA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal lpOperation As String, ByVal lpFile As String, ByVal lpParameters As String, ByVal lpDirectory As String, ByVal nShowCmd As Long) As Long
Public Const SW_ShowNormal = 1

'set the variable temp to the file type you want to open
'the OS will open that file with the application set to handle the extension of that file
Dim iReturn As Long, temp As String
temp = "myfile.doc"
iReturn = ShellExecute(frmMain.hwnd, "Open", temp, vbNullString, App.Path, SW_ShowNormal)

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Read/write data to a specific location within the file
Visual Basic
files binary
Top100
2005-02-16 15:31:44
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'read 20 bytes starting at position 100
Dim InputString as String * 20
Open FileName for Binary As #1
	Get #1, 100, InputString
Close #1

'or read as a byte array
Dim InputString(20) as Byte
Open FileName for Binary As #1
	Get #1, 100, InputString
Close #1

'write 10 bytes to position 50
OutputString = "0123456789"
Open FileName for Binary As #1
	Put #1, 50, OutputString
Close #1


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Read/write entire file at once
Visual Basic
files binary
Top100
2005-02-03 15:12:03
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'puts the entire file into a Byte array
'for character by character action

Open FileName For Binary As #1
    ReDim MyByteArray(LOF(1)-1) As Byte
    Get #1, , MyByteArray
Close #1
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View in hex format
Visual Basic
files binary
Top100
2005-02-02 15:43:59
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Sub HexView(FileName as String)
'put contents of file into textbox1
Dim temp As String, temp2 as String
Dim i As Long, j As Long
Dim leader As String
Dim HexText As String
Dim AsciiText As String
Dim Char As String

'read the file into a string
Open filename for input as #1
temp2= Input (Lof(1),#1)
Close #1

'create hex string
If Len(temp2) > 0 Then
    For i = 1 To Len(temp2) Step 8
        leader = String$((6 - Len(Hex(i - 1))), "0") & Hex(i - 1) & " "
        HexText = ""
        For j = 0 To 7
            If i + j > Len(temp2) Then
                HexText = HexText & Space$((8 - j) * 3)
                Exit For
            End If
            Char = Format$(Hex(Asc(Mid$(temp2, i + j, 1))), "00")
            If Len(Char) = 1 Then Char = "0" & Char
            HexText = HexText & Char & " "
        Next j
        AsciiText = Mid$(temp2, i, 8)
        AsciiText = Replace(AsciiText, Chr(9), ".")
        AsciiText = Replace(AsciiText, Chr(10), ".")
        AsciiText = Replace(AsciiText, Chr(13), ".")
        temp = temp & leader & HexText & " " & AsciiText & vbCrLf
    Next i
Else
    temp = vbCrLf
End If

temp = Mid$(temp, 1, Len(temp) - 2)
text1.text = temp

End Sub

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Open text file with default text app
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-16 15:32:01
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Dim temp As String, i As Long
temp = "gbsimplecamconfig.txt"
i = ShellExecute(frmMain.hwnd, "Open", temp, vbNullString, App.Path, SW_ShowNormal)

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Open text file with Notepad
Visual Basic
files text

2005-01-24 22:08:28
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Shell "notepad " & AddressFileName, vbNormalFocus

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Read text file all at one time
Visual Basic
files text
Top100
2005-02-02 15:26:48
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'read an entire text file into a string
Dim temp as String
Open filename for input as #1
temp = Input (Lof(1),#1)
Close #1


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Read text file into a string
Visual Basic
files text
open, text, string
2005-02-16 15:32:16
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Dim InString as String
Open "filename.txt" For Binary As #1
InString  = Input(LOF(1), #1)
Close
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Read text file into an array #1
Visual Basic
files text
open, text, file, array
2005-02-16 15:32:22
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'first read the file into a string - includes the line feed/carriage control characters
Dim InString as String, MyArray as Variant
Open "filename.txt" For Binary As #1
InString  = Input(LOF(1), #1)
Close
'now split the string 
MyArray = Split(InString, vbCRLF, -1)


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Read text file into an array #2
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-16 15:32:28
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'puts content into array starting at position zero
'if you know the number of lines in advance, you won't have to use REDIM Preserve
Dim temp as String, MyArray as Variant
Open "filename.txt" For Input as #1
While Not EOF(1)
    REDIM Preserve MyArray(i)
    Line Input #1, MyArray(i)
    i = i +1
Wend
Close

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Read text file one character at a time
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-16 15:32:34
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Dim Char as String * 1
Open "filename.txt" For Input As #1
While Not EOF(1)
    Char = Input$(1,#1)
Wend
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Read text file one line at a time
Visual Basic
files text
Top100
2005-02-16 15:33:43
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Dim NewLine as String
Open "filename.txt" For Input As #1
While Not EOF(1)
    Line Input #1, NewLine
    'do something with NewLine
Wend

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Remove a character from a text file
Visual Basic
files text
character, remove
2005-01-24 22:04:01
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'first read text file into string
Dim InString as String
Open "filename.txt" For Binary As #1
InString  = Input(LOF(1), #1)
Close

'then replace specified character(s) with an empty string ""
InString = Replace(Instring, CharToRemove, "")

'finally put string back into the file
Open "filename.txt" For Output as #1
Put #1, InString
Close


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Save array to file (fast)
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-18 11:15:27
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'MyArray is a string array filled with text
'this code avoids having to cycle through the string array
Open "myfile.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, Join(MyArray, vbcrlf)
Close #1
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View text file content
Visual Basic
files text
Top100
2005-02-02 15:27:41
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'read an entire text file into a multiline textbox
Dim temp as String
Open filename for input as #1
textbox1.text = Input (Lof(1),#1)
Close #1

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Wordwrap
Visual Basic
files text

2005-02-18 11:15:50
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'1. one approach

Sub  WordWrap()
'word wrap is on when the margin Is arbitrarily very large
If mnuWordWrap.Checked = True Then
    'on
    txtIn.RightMargin = txtIn.Width - 25
Else
    'off
    txtIn.RightMargin = 1001 * frmChat.TextWidth("a")
End If
End Sub

'============================
'2. another approach

Private Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" Alias "SendMessageA" _
                        (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal wMsg As Long, _
                        ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Any) As Long
Const WM_USER = &H400
Const EM_SETTARGETDEVICE = (WM_USER + 72)

'wordwrap
SendMessageLong frmMain.rtfTest, EM_SETTARGETDEVICE, 0, 0

'default
SendMessageLong frmMain.rtfTest, EM_SETTARGETDEVICE, 0, 1


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Backup and Restore a file
Visual Basic
files

2005-01-24 22:10:59
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'backup
If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel + vbQuestion, "Backup Data") = vbOK Then
    FileCopy InfoFileName, InfoFileName & ".old"
End If

'restore
If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel + vbQuestion, "Restore Data") = vbOK Then
    FileCopy InfoFileName & ".old", InfoFileName
End If
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Create full pathname
Visual Basic
files
Top100 path
2005-02-02 15:30:12
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'add path information and file name, including \ separator if needed
Function MergePathData(thePath As String, theFileName As String) As String
Select Case Right$(thePath, 1)
    Case "\": MergePathData = thePath & theFileName
    Case Else : MergePathData = thePath & "\" & theFileName
End Select
End Function
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Delete file to recycle bin
Visual Basic
files

2005-02-09 12:39:10
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Private Type SHFILEOPTSTRUCT
  hWnd As Long
  wFunc As Long
  pFrom As String
  pTo As String
  fFlags As Integer
  fAnyOperationsAborted As Long
  hNameMappings As Long
  lpszProgressTitle As Long
End Type

Private Declare Function SHFileOperation Lib "Shell32.dll" _
  Alias "SHFileOperationA" (lpFileOp As SHFILEOPTSTRUCT) As Long
Private Const FO_DELETE = &H3
Private Const FOF_ALLOWUNDO = &H40


Public Sub DeleteFileToRecycleBin(Filename As String)
Dim fop As SHFILEOPTSTRUCT
fop.wFunc = FO_DELETE
fop.pFrom = Filename
fop.fFlags = FOF_ALLOWUNDO
SHFileOperation fop
End Sub
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Extract file name from full path
Visual Basic
files
Top100 path title
2005-02-02 15:30:41
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'assumes FullPath is a string containing the complete path of a valid file
Dim FileName as String
FileName = mid$(FullPath,InstrRev(FullPath,"\")+1)

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File exists
Visual Basic
files
Top100 exists
2005-02-06 18:17:53
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Function FileExists(filename) as Boolean
If Dir(filename) <> "" then FileExists = True   
End If

'=======================
'alternate approach using FileSystemObject (add reference to project to use)
Dim fso As New FileSystemObject

'file exists
If fso.FileExists("C:\Files\file.txt") Then
    MsgBox "File Exists!"
End if 
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File properties (size/date/attributes)
Visual Basic
files
Top100
2005-02-09 20:45:27
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'file length (Bytes) - use full path name unless file is in current drive/directory
Dim iLength as long
iLength = FileLen("c:\filename.exe")

'date/time of a file
Dim temp as Variant
Dim FileName as string
FileName = "c:\data\test.txt"
temp = FileDateTime (FileName)

'attributes of a file
Function FileProperties( FileName as String, RO as Boolean, Hidden as Boolean, System as Boolean, Directory as Boolean, Archive as Boolean)
    Dim iResult as long
    iResult = GetAttr (FileName)
    RO = iResult AND vbReadOnly
    Hidden = iResult AND vbHidden
    System = iResult AND vbSystem
    Directory = iResult AND vbDirectory
    Archive = iResult AND vbArchive
    FileProperties = iResult
End Function

'set the attributes of a file (file cannot be open)
SetAttr "c:\test.txt", vbNormal + vbReadOnly + vbHidden + vbSystem + vbArchive
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FileSave
Visual Basic
files

2005-02-16 15:36:11
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Sub  mnuFileSave_Click()

If DataChanged = False Then Exit Sub
        
If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel, "Save Changes to Equations") = vbCancel Then Exit Sub
    
'save data to file (custom for each application)

DataChanged = False

end sub
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Get unique temporary file name
Visual Basic
files

2005-01-27 12:38:13
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How to ... Get unique temporary file name
 

Private Const MAX_FILENAME_LEN = 256

Private Const UNIQUE_NAME = &H0

Private Declare Function GetTempFileNameA Lib "kernel32" (ByVal _
   lpszPath As String, ByVal lpPrefixString As String, ByVal wUnique _
   As Long, ByVal lpTempFileName As String) As Long

Public Function GetTempFileName() As String
  Dim s As String
  Dim s2 As String

  s2 = GetTempPath
  s = Space(Len(s2) + MAX_FILENAME_LEN)
  Call GetTempFileNameA(s2, App.EXEName, UNIQUE_NAME, s)
  GetTempFileName = Left$(s, InStr(s, Chr$(0)) - 1)
End Function

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Is path a folder or file
Visual Basic
files

2005-02-18 11:16:18
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If (GetAttr(path & file) And vbDirectory) = 0 Then
	'is file
Else
	'is folder
End If

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Merge path and filename to get valid full path name
Visual Basic
files

2005-02-16 15:36:41
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function  MergePathData(thePath As String, theFileName As String) As String

Select Case Right$(thePath, 1)
    Case "\"
        MergePathData = thePath & theFileName
    Case Else
        MergePathData = thePath & "\" & theFileName
End Select

end function
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Move a file
Visual Basic
files

2005-02-18 11:16:31
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'the name function can double as a Move - must be on the same drive
Name "c:\temp\myfile.txt" As "c:\data\myfile.txt"

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Rename file list
Visual Basic
files

2005-02-06 17:11:32
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private sub  mnuRename_Click()
'On Error GoTo renameerror

Dim temp As String, temp2 As String
Dim i As Long, j As Long, iPosition

iPosition = lstImages.ListIndex

temp = InputBox("Enter filename prefix.", "Rename Files")
If Trim$(temp) = "" Then
    'nothing
Else
    If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel, "Rename Files") = vbOK Then
        'remove all invalid characters
        
        'rename the files
        For i = 0 To lstImages.ListCount - 1
            If GList(i).Show = True Then
                j = j + 1
                temp2 = temp & "_" & Format$(j, "000") & Right$(lstImages.List(i), 4)
                Name lstImages.List(i) As temp2
                lstImages.List(i) = LCase$(temp2)
                GList(i).FileName = LCase$(temp2)
            End If
        Next i
        
        If Dir("gbgallery.gal") <> "" Then Kill "gbgallery.gal"
        Open "gbgallery.gal" For Binary As #1
        Put #1, , CLng(UBound(GList))
        Put #1, , GList
        Close #1
        
        Changed = False

    End If
End If

lstImages.ListIndex = iPosition

Exit Sub

renameerror:
MsgBox "Error " & Err.Description, vbOKOnly, "Rename Files"
end sub
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Select File (dialog window)
Visual Basic
files

2005-02-06 16:37:24
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Private Sub  SelectFile()
Dim OpenFile As OPENFILENAME
Dim lReturn As Long
Dim sFilter As String
OpenFile.lStructSize = Len(OpenFile)
OpenFile.hwndOwner = frmMain.hwnd
OpenFile.hInstance = App.hInstance
sFilter = "Image Files (*.jpg)" & Chr(0) & "*.jpg" & Chr(0)
OpenFile.lpstrFilter = sFilter
OpenFile.nFilterIndex = 1
OpenFile.lpstrFile = String(257, 0)
OpenFile.nMaxFile = Len(OpenFile.lpstrFile) - 1
OpenFile.lpstrFileTitle = OpenFile.lpstrFile
OpenFile.nMaxFileTitle = OpenFile.nMaxFile
OpenFile.lpstrInitialDir = App.path   '"C:\"
OpenFile.lpstrTitle = "Select Overlay Image File"
OpenFile.Flags = 0
lReturn = GetOpenFileName(OpenFile)
If lReturn = 0 Then
   'MsgBox "The User pressed the Cancel Button"
   'no change
Else
   'MsgBox "The user Chose " & Trim(OpenFile.lpstrFile)
   txtJPG.Text = OpenFile.lpstrFile
End If



End Sub
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Cycle through all controls on a form
Visual Basic
flow control

2005-02-09 13:14:23
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Open "myfile" For Output As #1 
Dim X As Control
For Each X In Controls
    If TypeOf X Is TextBox Then 
        Printer.Print X.text
    End if
Next X
Close #1

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Cycle thru 1 to n in a loop
Visual Basic
flow control

2005-02-09 13:14:23
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'count from 1 to N over and over
Dim Result as Long, N as Long

While TRUE
   Result = Result MOD N + 1
Wend

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Repeat code every N cycles
Visual Basic
flow control

2005-02-09 13:14:23
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'on every Nth event, do something
Dim iCounter as Long, N as Long
If (iCounter MOD N) = 0 Then
   'do something
End If

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Use select case to evaluate multiple expressions
Visual Basic
flow control

2005-02-18 11:17:03
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'instead of this:
If a = True Then 'do this
If b = True Then 'do this
If c = True Then 'do this

'use this
Select Case True
   Case a
   Case b
   Case c
End Select

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Create a full folder path
Visual Basic
folders

2005-02-08 22:17:07
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Declare Function MakeSureDirectoryPathExists Lib "imagehlp.dll" (ByVal DirPath as String) as Long

Function CreatePath (NewPath as String) as Boolean
'requires \ at end
If Right$(NewPath,1) <> "\" then NewPath = NewPath & "\"
If MakeSureDirectoryPathExists(NewPath) <> 0 Then CreatePath = True
End Function

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Delete a folder and its subfolders
Visual Basic
folders
Top100
2005-02-06 19:51:12
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'uses FileSystemObject ( must add reference to project to use)
'WARNING!  deleted folder and all children with no prompting

Dim fso As New FileSystemObject

'delete folder and all content
fso.DeleteFolder ("c:\files")

'verification code
If fso.FolderExists("C:\Files") Then MsgBox "Folder Exists!"


'===========================
'alternate approach using only built-in VB functions
'makes a list of files/folder.  recursively calls itself for any folders it finds

' Delete this directory and all the files it contains.
Sub DeleteDirectory(FolderName As String)
    Dim FileName As String
    Dim Files As Collection
    Dim i As Integer

'get a list of files and folders in the chosen folder
    Set files = New Collection
    FileName = Dir$(FolderName & "\*.*", vbReadOnly + vbHidden + vbSystem + vbDirectory)
    Do While Len(FileName) > 0
        If (FileName <> "..") And (FileName <> ".") Then
            Files.Add FolderName & "\" & FileName
        End If
        FileName = Dir$()
    Loop

'delete the files (recursively call DeleteDirectory on folders)
    For i = 1 To Files.Count
        FileName = Files(i)
        ' See if it is a directory.
        If GetAttr(FileName) And vbDirectory Then
            'directory. delete it.
            DeleteDirectory FileName
        Else
            'file. delete it.
            SetAttr FileName, vbNormal
            Kill FileName
        End If
    Next i

    RmDir FolderName

End Sub
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Drive exists
Visual Basic
folders

2005-02-06 18:19:51
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'uses FileSystemObject (add reference to project to use)
Dim fso As New FileSystemObject

'folder exists
If fso.DriverExists("C") Then 
    MsgBox "Drive Exists!"
End If
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Folder exists
Visual Basic
folders
Top100
2005-02-18 11:17:23
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Private Function DirExists(DirectoryName As String) As Boolean
    DirExists = (Dir$(DirectoryName, vbDirectory) <> "")
End Function

'=======================
If Len(Dir("c:\foldername", vbDirectory)) <> 0 Then
	'directory exists
End If

'=======================
'alternate approach using FileSystemObject (Add reference to project to use)
Dim fso As New FileSystemObject

'folder exists
If fso.FolderExists("C:\Files") Then 
    MsgBox "Folder Exists!"
End If
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Get folder attributes
Visual Basic
folders

2005-02-16 15:36:59
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'get the attributes of a file
Function FileProperties( FileName as String, RO as Boolean, Hidden as Boolean, System as Boolean, Directory as Boolean, Archive as Boolean)
    Dim iResult as long
    iResult = GetAttr (FileName)
    RO = iResult AND vbReadOnly
    Hidden = iResult AND vbHidden
    System = iResult AND vbSystem
    Directory = iResult AND vbDirectory
    Archive = iResult AND vbArchive
    FileProperties = iResult
End Function


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Get list of drive letters
Visual Basic
folders
Top100
2005-02-06 17:15:59
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'4 approaches are provided in this snippet - API, FSO, Drive Control, Pure VB (no controls/objects)

'use API
Private Declare Function GetDriveType Lib "kernel32" Alias "GetDriveTypeA" (ByVal nDrive As String) As Long
Private Declare Function GetLogicalDriveStrings Lib "kernel32" Alias "GetLogicalDriveStringsA" (ByVal nBufferLength As Long, ByVal lpBuffer As String) As Long
Private Const DRIVE_REMOVABLE = 2
Private Const DRIVE_FIXED = 3
Private Const DRIVE_REMOTE = 4
Private Const DRIVE_CDROM = 5
Private Const DRIVE_RAMDISK = 6

Dim i As Long, DList As String, DArray() As String
i = GetLogicalDriveStrings(0, DList)
DList = Space$(i)
i = GetLogicalDriveStrings(i, DList)
DArray = Split(DList, Chr$(0))


'==========================

'using the FileSystemObject (create a project reference to 'Microsoft Scripting Runtime'
Dim f As New FileSystemObject, x As Drive, i As Long
ReDim Letters(f.Drives.Count - 1)
For Each x In f.Drives
    Letters(i) = x.DriveLetter
Next x

'===========================
'pure VB approach, using the Drive control
'drive letters are found in positions 0-UBound(Letters)
Dim i As Long, Letters()
ReDim Letters(Drive1.ListCount - 1)
For i = 0 To Drive1.ListCount - 1
    Letters(i) = Left$(Drive1.List(i), 1)
Next i


'===========================
'pure VB approach, no controls required
'drive letters are found in positions 1-UBound(Letters)
Dim i As Long, Letters()
ReDim Letters(0)
For i = 1 To 26
    If ValidDrive(Chr(96 + i)) = True Then
        ReDim Preserve Letters(UBound(Letters) + 1)
       Letters(UBound(Letters)) = Chr(96 + i)
    End If
Next i

Function ValidDrive(D As String) As Boolean
  On Error GoTo driveerror
  Dim temp As String
  temp = CurDir
  ChDrive D
  ChDir temp
  ValidDrive = True
  Exit Function
  driveerror:
End Function

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Get type of drive 
Visual Basic
folders
Top100
2005-02-06 14:39:02
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'use API
Private Declare Function GetDriveType Lib "kernel32" Alias "GetDriveTypeA" (ByVal nDrive As String) As Long
Private Const DRIVE_REMOVABLE = 2
Private Const DRIVE_FIXED = 3
Private Const DRIVE_REMOTE = 4
Private Const DRIVE_CDROM = 5
Private Const DRIVE_RAMDISK = 6


'text a drive for its type
Function DriveType (DPath as String) as String
'pass "C:\" or other drive path
Select Case GetDriveType(DPath)
            Case DRIVE_REMOVABLE:  DriveType =  "Removable"
            Case DRIVE_FIXED:  DriveType = "Fixed"
            Case DRIVE_REMOTE:  DriveType = "Remote"
            Case DRIVE_CDROM:  DriveType = "CDROM"
            Case DRIVE_RAMDISK:  DriveType = "RAM Disk"
 End Select
End Sub
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Open DOS window at folder
Visual Basic
folders
Top100
2005-02-16 15:37:25
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Dim C As String
If IsWinNTPlus Then
    C = "cmd "         'WinNT / 2000 / XP command line processor
Else
    C = "command "     'Win95/98/ME command processor
End If
Shell C & " /K chdir /D " & FolderResults(lstFolders.ListIndex), vbNormalFocus


Public Function IsWinNTPlus() As Boolean
'returns True if running Windows NT, 2000 or XP
   #If Win32 Then
      Dim OSV As OSVERSIONINFO
      OSV.OSVSize = Len(OSV)
      If GetVersionEx(OSV) = 1 Then
         IsWinNTPlus = (OSV.PlatformID = VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT) And (OSV.dwVerMajor >= 4)
      End If
   #End If
End Function


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Open Window at folder
Visual Basic
folders
Top100
2005-02-16 15:37:57
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Public Declare Function ShellExecute Lib "SHELL32.DLL" Alias "ShellExecuteA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal lpOperation As String, ByVal lpFile As String, ByVal lpParameters As String, ByVal lpDirectory As String, ByVal nShowCmd As Long) As Long
Public Const SW_Restore = 1

Dim iRet As Long
iRet = ShellExecute(Me.hwnd, "Open", FolderName, vbNullString, vbNullString, SW_Restore)

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Open Windows Explorer at folder
Visual Basic
folders
Top100
2005-02-16 15:37:38
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Public Declare Function ShellExecute Lib "SHELL32.DLL" Alias "ShellExecuteA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal lpOperation As String, ByVal lpFile As String, ByVal lpParameters As String, ByVal lpDirectory As String, ByVal nShowCmd As Long) As Long
Public Const SW_Restore = 1

Dim iRet As Long
iRet = ShellExecute(Me.hwnd, "Explore", FolderName, vbNullString, vbNullString, SW_Restore)

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Select folder (dialog window)
Visual Basic
folders

2005-02-18 11:19:09
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Private Sub  SelectFolder()
  Dim bi As BROWSEINFO
  Dim pidl As Long
  Dim path As String
  Dim pos As Long
    
 'Fill the BROWSEINFO structure With the
 'needed data. To accommodate comments, the
 'With/End With syntax has not been used, though
 'it should be your 'final' version.

   With bi
      
     'hwnd of the window that receives messages
     'from the Call. Can be your application
     'or the handle from GetDesktopWindow()
      .hOwner = Me.hwnd

     'pointer to the Item identifier list specifying
     'the location of the "root" folder to browse from.
     'if Null, the desktop folder Is used.
     .pidlRoot = 0&

     'message to be displayed In the Browse dialog
     .lpszTitle = "Select image folder"

     'the type of folder to return.
      .ulFlags = BIF_RETURNONLYFSDIRS
   End With
    
  'show the browse for folders dialog
   pidl = SHBrowseForFolder(bi)
 
  'the dialog has closed, so parse & display the
  'user's returned folder selection contained in pidl
   path = Space$(MAX_PATH)
    
   If SHGetPathFromIDList(ByVal pidl, ByVal path) Then
      pos = InStr(path, Chr$(0))
      txtFolder.Text = LCase$(Left(path, pos - 1))
   End If

   Call CoTaskMemFree(pidl)
End Sub

'=========================================
'alternative source code


public function  BrowseForFolder(hwndOwner As Long, sPrompt As String) As String
      
    'declare variables to be used
     Dim iNull As Integer
     Dim lpIDList As Long
     Dim lResult As Long
     Dim sPath As String
     Dim udtBI As BrowseInfo

    'initialise variables
     With udtBI
        .hwndOwner = hwndOwner
        .lpszTitle = lstrcat(sPrompt, "")
        .ulFlags = BIF_RETURNONLYFSDIRS
     End With

    'Call the browse for folder API
     lpIDList = SHBrowseForFolder(udtBI)
      
    'get the resulting string path
     If lpIDList Then
        sPath = String$(MAX_PATH, 0)
        lResult = SHGetPathFromIDList(lpIDList, sPath)
        Call CoTaskMemFree(lpIDList)
        iNull = InStr(sPath, vbNullChar)
        If iNull Then sPath = Left$(sPath, iNull - 1)
     End If

    'if cancel was pressed, sPath = ""
     BrowseForFolder = sPath

end function

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List all fonts
Visual Basic
fonts

2005-02-09 15:33:18
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'put font list into comboBox
For i = 0 To Screen.FontCount -1
   cmbFont.AddItem = Screen.Fonts(i)
Next i
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Capture Enter key
Visual Basic
forms

2005-01-24 22:00:51
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'Put In keypress event
If KeyAscii = 13 Then
    KeyAscii = 0
    'do whatever else you want done
End If
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Center a form
Visual Basic
forms
Top100
2005-02-18 11:19:36
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'Do not try to center If maximized or minimized
If frmMain.WindowState = vbMinimized Or frmMain.WindowState = vbMaximized Then 
    frmMain.Move (Screen.Width - frmMain.Width) / 2, (Screen.Height - frmMain.Height) / 2
End If 

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Create elliptical form
Visual Basic
forms

2005-02-09 21:20:16
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Declare Function CreateEllipticRgn Lib "gdi32" (ByVal X1 As Long, _
    ByVal Y1 As Long, ByVal X2 As Long, ByVal Y2 As Long) As Long
    
Declare Function SetWindowRgn Lib "user32" (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal hRgn As Long, _
    ByVal bRedraw As Boolean) As Long
    


Dim iReturn As Long
Me.Show
iReturn = SetWindowRgn(Me.hwnd, CreateEllipticRgn(10, 25, 220, 200), True)

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Disable form Close button
Visual Basic
forms

2005-02-18 11:19:48
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'declarations
Public Declare Function RemoveMenu Lib "user32" (ByVal hMenu As Long, _
     ByVal nPosition As Long, ByVal wFlags As Long) As Long

Public Declare Function GetSystemMenu Lib "user32" (ByVal hWND As Long, _
     ByVal bRevert As Long) As Long



'use this code to disable the close button
DisableCloseButton Me.hWND

Public Sub DisableCloseButton(hWND As Long)
    Dim hSysMenu As Long
    hSysMenu = GetSystemMenu(hWND, 0)
    RemoveMenu hSysMenu, 6, &H400&
    RemoveMenu hSysMenu, 5, &H400&
End Sub


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Keep form on top
Visual Basic
forms
Top100
2005-02-18 11:20:13
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'use this API to set a window on top
Public Declare Function SetWindowPos Lib "user32" (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal hWndInsertAfter As Long, ByVal X As Long, ByVal Y As Long, ByVal cx As Long, ByVal cy As Long, ByVal wFlags As Long) As Long
Public Const SWP_NOMOVE = 2
Public Const SWP_NOSIZE = 1
Public Const FLAGS = SWP_NOMOVE Or SWP_NOSIZE
Public Const HWND_TOPMOST = -1
Public Const HWND_NOTOPMOST = -2

Dim iReturn As Integer
'to put the window on top
iReturn = SetWindowPos(hwnd, HWND_TOPMOST, 0, 0, 0, 0, FLAGS)
'to release the window from being on top
iReturn = SetWindowPos(hwnd, HWND_NOTOPMOST, 0, 0, 0, 0, FLAGS)

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Make a form cover the entire screen
Visual Basic
forms

2005-02-16 15:47:02
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Private Declare Function SetWindowPos Lib "user32" (ByVal hwnd As Long, _
     ByVal hWndInsertAfter As Long, ByVal x As Long, ByVal y As Long, ByVal cx As Long, _
     ByVal cy As Long, ByVal wFlags As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function GetSystemMetrics Lib "user32" (ByVal nIndex As Long) As Long
Const SM_CXSCREEN = 0
Const SM_CYSCREEN = 1
Const HWND_TOP = 0
Const SWP_SHOWWINDOW = &H40

Dim cx As Long
Dim cy As Long
Dim RetVal As Long
' Determine if screen is already maximized.
If Me.WindowState = vbMaximized Then
  ' Set window to normal size
  Me.WindowState = vbNormal
End If         ' Get full screen width.
cx = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN)         ' Get full screen height.
cy = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN)
' Call API to set new size of window.
RetVal = SetWindowPos(Me.hwnd, HWND_TOP, 0, 0, cx, cy, SWP_SHOWWINDOW)
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Minimize all forms
Visual Basic
forms

2005-01-27 08:17:49
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Private Declare Sub keybd_event Lib "user32"  (ByVal bVk As Byte, _
        ByVal bScan As Byte, ByVal dwFlags As Long, ByVal dwExtraInfo As Long)

Call keybd_event(&H5B, 0, 0, 0)
Call keybd_event(&H4D, 0, 0, 0)
Call keybd_event(&H5B, 0, &H2, 0)

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Move form without using title bart
Visual Basic
forms

2005-02-18 11:20:32
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Private Declare Function ReleaseCapture Lib "user32" () As Long
Private Declare Function SendMessage Lib "user32" Alias "SendMessageA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal wMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, lParam As Long) As Long
Const HTCAPTION = 2
Const WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN = &HA1

'place this in a MouseDown event
    Dim iReturn As Long
    If Button = 1 Then  ' Checking for left button only
       iReturn = ReleaseCapture()
       iReturn = SendMessage(hwnd, WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN, HTCAPTION, 0)
    End If

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Put bitmaps in menus
Visual Basic
forms

2005-01-27 16:37:17
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The following code demonstrates how to add a bitmap to a form menu item.

Option Explicit

'NOTE: Do not declare the picure variables private to routines.
'They must be declared privately in the form:
Private oIconUp As IPictureDisp, oIconDown As IPictureDisp

Private Declare Function GetMenu Lib "user32" (ByVal hwnd As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function GetSubMenu Lib "user32" (ByVal hMenu As Long, ByVal nPos As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function GetMenuItemID Lib "user32" (ByVal hMenu As Long, ByVal nPos As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function SetMenuItemBitmaps Lib "user32" (ByVal hMenu As Long, ByVal nPosition As Long, ByVal wFlags As Long, ByVal hBitmapUnchecked As Long, ByVal hBitmapChecked As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function DrawMenuBar Lib "user32" (ByVal hwnd As Long) As Long


'Purpose     :  Adds a bitmap to a form menu item (Max Bitmap size 13*13)
'Inputs      :  frmMenu                         The form containing the menu item.
'               lSubItem                        The zero based index of the sub menu.
'               lMenuItem                       The zero based index of the menu item to add the bitmap to.
'Outputs     :  Returns True if succeeded in adding the bitmap
'Author      :  Andrew Baker
'Date        :  03/09/2000 13:58
'Notes       :  If this function is called using variables to store
'               the bitmaps in (rather than picture controls), then
'               the variables must be declared privately to the form
'               (in the forms declaration section).
'Revisions   :

Function FormMenuSetIcon(frmMenu As Form, lSubItem As Long, lMenuItem As Long, oPicChecked As IPictureDisp, oPicUnchecked As IPictureDisp) As Boolean
    Const MF_BYCOMMAND = &H0&

    Dim lhwndMenu As Long, lhwndSubMenu As Long, lhwndMenuItem As Long

    'Get the menu handle
    lhwndMenu = GetMenu(frmMenu.hwnd)
    'Get the handle of the submenu
    lhwndSubMenu = GetSubMenu(lhwndMenu, lSubItem)
    'Get the handle of the menu item
    lhwndMenuItem = GetMenuItemID(lhwndSubMenu, lMenuItem)
    
    If lhwndMenuItem Then
        'The form has a sub menu, add the picture/icon
        FormMenuSetIcon = CBool(SetMenuItemBitmaps(lhwndMenu, lhwndMenuItem, MF_BYCOMMAND, oPicChecked.Handle, oPicUnchecked.Handle))
        If FormMenuSetIcon Then
            'Added successfully, repaint the menu
            Call DrawMenuBar(lhwndMenu)
        End If
    End If
End Function

'Demonstration routine.
'Place the following routine in a form with a menu containing at
'least one sub menus and two sub items.

Sub Test()
    'Load two bitmaps for checked and unchecked menu images.
    Set oIconUp = LoadPicture("C:\Calendar.bmp")
    Set oIconDown = LoadPicture("C:\Camcord.bmp")
    'Add the bitmap to the first item on the first sub menu
    Debug.Print FormMenuSetIcon(Me, 0&, 0&, oIconUp, oIconDown)
    'Add the bitmap to the second item on the first sub menu
    Debug.Print FormMenuSetIcon(Me, 0&, 1&, oIconUp, oIconDown)
End Sub
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Remove the border from a window
Visual Basic
forms

2005-02-16 15:11:21
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Public Declare Function SetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "SetWindowLongA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, _
    ByVal nIndex As Long, ByVal dwNewLong As Long) As Long
Private Const GWL_STYLE = (-16)

Public Sub RemoveFrame(ihWnd As Long)
    SetWindowLong ihWnd, GWL_STYLE, 0&
End Sub
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Set min/max size of form
Visual Basic
forms
Top100
2005-02-11 21:08:27
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'sets max/min size that user and resize the form (uses subclassing the WM_GETMINMAXINFO message)
'put all declarations and functions into a BAS module
'put the two last lines of code in the form_load and form_unload events
'works only in the compiled program - does not work within IDE
' 
'WARNING!!!! WARNING!!!! WARNING!!!! WARNING!!!! WARNING!!!! WARNING!!!!
'Do NOT try to step through this function in debug mode!!!!  You WILL crash!!!  
'Also, do NOT set any break points in this function!!!  'You WILL crash!!!  
'Subclassing is non-trivial and should be handled with EXTREME care!!!

  Type POINTAPI
    X As Long
    Y As Long
  End Type

  Public Const WM_GETMINMAXINFO As Long = &H24&

  Type MINMAXINFO
    ptReserved As POINTAPI
    ptMaxSize As POINTAPI
    ptMaxPosition As POINTAPI
    ptMinTrackSize As POINTAPI
    ptMaxTrackSize As POINTAPI
  End Type

  Public g_nProcOld As Long

  Public Declare Sub CopyMemory Lib "kernel32" Alias "RtlMoveMemory" (lpDest As Any, lpSource As Any, ByVal cBytes&)
  Public Declare Function CallWindowProc& Lib "user32" Alias "CallWindowProcA" (ByVal lpPrevWndFunc&, ByVal hWnd&, ByVal Msg&, ByVal wParam&, ByVal lParam&)
  Public Const GWL_WNDPROC As Long = (-4&)
  Public Declare Function SetWindowLong Lib "user32" Alias "SetWindowLongA" (ByVal hWnd&, ByVal nIndex&, ByVal dwNewLong&) As Long

Public Function WindowProc(ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal iMsg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, ByVal lParam As Long) As Long
  Select Case iMsg
    Case WM_GETMINMAXINFO
      Dim udtMINMAXINFO As MINMAXINFO
      Dim nWidthPixels&, nHeightPixels&
      nWidthPixels = Screen.Width \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelX
      nHeightPixels = Screen.Height \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelY
      CopyMemory udtMINMAXINFO, ByVal lParam, Len(udtMINMAXINFO)
      With udtMINMAXINFO
        .ptMaxSize.X = nWidthPixels '- (nWidthPixels \ 4)
        .ptMaxSize.Y = nHeightPixels '- (nHeightPixels \ 4)
        .ptMaxPosition.X = 0  'nWidthPixels \ 8
        .ptMaxPosition.Y = 0  'nHeightPixels \ 8
        .ptMaxTrackSize.X = .ptMaxSize.X
        .ptMaxTrackSize.Y = .ptMaxSize.Y
        .ptMinTrackSize.X = 9000 \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelX  'nWidthPixels \ 4
        .ptMinTrackSize.Y = 5000 \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelY  'nHeightPixels \ 4
      End With
      CopyMemory ByVal lParam, udtMINMAXINFO, Len(udtMINMAXINFO)
      WindowProc = 0&
      Exit Function
  End Select
  WindowProc = CallWindowProc(g_nProcOld, hWnd, iMsg, wParam, lParam)
End Function

Public Function IsIDE() As Boolean
    On Error GoTo ExitHandler
    Debug.Print 1 / 0
    ExitHandler:
    IsIDE = Err
End Function


'in the form_load event, use this:
If Not IsIDE Then g_nProcOld = SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_WNDPROC, AddressOf WindowProc)

'in the form_unload. WARNING:  if you don't do this you WILL crash!!!
If UseSubClassing Then Call SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_WNDPROC, g_nProcOld)

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Splitter, horizontal (form-based)
Visual Basic
forms
Top100
2005-02-18 11:21:28
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'two pictureboxes side by side, separated by gap (SPLITTER_Width)
'Not including Is limiting MouseMove To when cursor is in specific area of the form

Private Const SPLITTER_Width = 50
Private XPercent As Single

Private Sub Form_MouseMove(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single)
    If Button = vbLeftButton Then
        XPercent = X / ScaleWidth
        If XPercent < 0 Then XPercent = 0
        If XPercent > 1 Then XPercent = 1
        ArrangeControls
    End If
End Sub

Private Sub ArrangeControls()
Dim width1 As Single    'picture1 Width
Dim width2 As Single    'picture2 Width
    If WindowState = vbMinimized Then Exit Sub   'do nothing if minimized
    width1 = (ScaleWidth - SPLITTER_Width) * XPercent
    Picture1.Move 0, 0, width1, ScaleHeight 
    width2 = (ScaleWidth - SPLITTER_Width) - width1
    Picture2.Move width1 + SPLITTER_Width, 0, width2, ScaleHeight
End Sub


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Splitter, horizontal (splitter bar)
Visual Basic
forms
Top100
2005-02-18 11:22:00
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'the horizontal splitter Is a picturebox called picSplitter. It separate the Left/Right sides of the form
'splitting Is also limited to within the LeftMargin And RightMargin
'when form Is resized, the horizontal Split (on a percentage basis) Is maintained)

'declarations
Dim XPercent As Single
Dim LMargin As Single
Dim RMargin As Single

'on form_load
LMargin = 0
RMargin = 2 * picSplitter.Width
XPercent = 0.5

Private Sub picSplitter_MouseMove(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single)
picSplitter.MousePointer = 9
If Button = vbLeftButton Then
    If picSplitter.Left + X > LMargin And picSplitter.Left + X < Width - RMargin Then
        picSplitter.Left = picSplitter.Left + X
        XPercent = picSplitter.Left / Width
        If XPercent > 1 Then XPercent = 1
        If XPercent < 0 Then XPercent = 0
        ArrangeControls
    End If
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Resize()
    If XPercent * Width < RMargin Then XPercent = RMargin / Width
    If (1 - XPercent) * Width < LMargin Then XPercent = 1 - LMargin / Width
    picSplitter.Left = (1 - XPercent) * Width
    ArrangeControls
End Sub

Private Sub ArrangeControls()
Dim width1 As Single    'picture1 Width
Dim width2 As Single    'picture2 Width
    If WindowState = vbMinimized Then Exit Sub   'Do nothing if minimized
    Picture1.Move 0, 0, Width * XPercent, ScaleHeight
    Picture2.Move Width * XPercent + 100, 0, Width * (1 - XPercent), ScaleHeight
End Sub    
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Unload all forms
Visual Basic
forms
end, exit, unload, close, forms
2005-01-09 00:27:13
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'put this in the form unload event
Dim X As Form
For Each X In Forms
    Unload X
    Set X = Nothing
Next X
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Unload event code
Visual Basic
forms

2005-02-16 15:40:29
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Private Sub  Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer)

'save settings
Settings "save"

'unload all Objects
Dim X As Form
For Each X In Forms
    Unload X
    Set X = Nothing
Next X

End Sub
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Free programming tools
Visual Basic
free controls and tools (non-commercial use)
Top100
2005-02-17 12:04:23
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'These are free for non-commercial usage. Check websites for current requirements for commerical use.

'FTP:
EZ FTP		http://www.coolstf.com

'Email:
STMP Component	http://www.ostrosoft.com
POP3 Component	http://www.ostrosoft.com

'Images:
freeimage.dll	http://freeimage.sourceforge.net/
picformat32   	http://www.geocities.com/the_rancid/files/MajestyLibrary101.zip
ijl11.dll		http://www.vbaccelerator.com/

'Compression
Info-Zip		http://www.info-zip.org/pub/infozip/

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Convert between Long, RGB, VB, and Web colors
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-05 14:23:17
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'in VB, a long integer representing color is created from RGB values:
Color = B  *  &FF00&    +   G  * &HFF&   +   R
'or this without Hex notation
Color = (256 * 256 * B)  + G * 256 + R

'the bult-in VB function RGB can calculate the Long value for you
Color = RGB (R,G,B)

'to get the RGB from a long
Function Color_to_RGB (Color as Long, R as Integer, G as Integer, B as Integer) as Long
   R = Color And &HFF&                                     
   G = (Color And &HFF00&) \ &H100&               
   B = (Color &and &HFF0000) \ &H10000          
   'or
   R = Color Mod 256
   G = (Color \ 256 ) Mod 256 
   B = (Color \ 256 \ 256 ) Mod 256
End Function

'in VB colors > &H80000000 are systems colors - which must be
'interpreted by VB - they are not standard Long color values!
'use the GetSysColor API to return the true long value of a system color
Private Declare GetSysColor Lib "user32" (ByVal nIndex As Long) As Long
iColor = GetSysColor (iColor And &HFFFFFF)

'values of R, G, B can be used to  as BBGGRR to form a hex representation of a color that VB understands
'so, for R = "F0",  G="A3, and B = "2F, the hex representation in VB becomes BBGGRR:
&H2FA3F0

'to get the VB hex string for a color from the Long or RGB
VBColorHexString = Right$("000000" & Hex$( Color), 6)
VBColorHexString = Right$("000000" & Hex$( R + 256 * (G + 256 * B ), 6)

'Note:  The Internet and other applications use RRGGBB for the hex format of a color
WebColorHexString = Right$("000000" & Hex$( B + 256 * (G + 256 * R ), 6)

'to get the Web hex color string from the VB hex color string, swap the first 2 and last 2 character strings
WebColorHexString = Right$(VBHexColorString, 2) & Mid$(VBColorHexString, 3, 2) & Left$(VBHexColorString, 2)


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Draw text with a shadow
Visual Basic
graphics

2005-02-13 15:26:58
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'set form AutoRedraw = True

' Draw the shadow.
form1.ForeColor = vbBlack
CurrentX = 100
CurrentY = 100
Print "Shadow Text"

' Draw the text slightly offset.
form1.ForeColor = vbBlue
CurrentX = 100 - 50
CurrentY = 100-50
Print "Shadow Text"

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Get JPG/GIF/BMP/PNG image size
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-12 23:37:51
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'---GIF
Sub GetGIFInfo(FileName As String, H As Long, W As Long)
Dim b(1 To 10) As Byte, W As Long, H As Long
Open FileName For Binary As #1
Get #1, , b
'1-3 should be GIF
W = CInt(b(7)) + 256 * CLng(CInt(b(8)))
H = CInt(b(9)) + 256 * CLng(CInt(b(10)))
End Sub

'---BMP
Sub GetBMPInfo(FileName As String, H As Long, W As Long)
Dim b(1 To 21) As Byte, W As Long, H As Long
Open FileName For Binary As #1
Get #1, , b
W = CInt(b(18)) + 256 * CLng(CInt(b(19)))
H = CInt(b(20)) + 256 * CLng(CInt(b(21)))
End Sub

'---JPG
Sub GetJPGInfo(FileName As String, H As Long, W As Long)
Dim b(1 To 167) As Byte, W As Long, H As Long
Open FileName For Binary As #1
Get #1, , b
'7-10 should be JFIF
W = CInt(b(165)) + 256 * CLng(CInt(b(164)))
H = CInt(b(167)) + 256 * CLng(CInt(b(166)))
End Sub

'---PNG
Sub GetPNGInfo(FileName As String, H As Long, W As Long)
Dim b(1 To 23) As Byte, W As Long, H As Long
Open FileName For Binary As #1
Get #1, , b
'
W = CInt(b(19)) + 256 * CLng(CInt(b(18)))
H = CInt(b(23)) + 256 * CLng(CInt(b(22)))
End Sub

'=========================================
'alternate appraoch that auto determines the type of image file and color depth

Option Explicit

' Only the first X bytes of the file are read into a byte array.
' BUFFERSIZE is X.  A larger number will use more memory and
' be slower.  A smaller number may not be able to decode all
' JPEG files.  Feel free to play with this number.
Private Const BUFFERSIZE As Long = 65535

' image type enum
Public Enum eImageType
    itUNKNOWN = 0
    itGIF = 1
    itJPEG = 2
    itPNG = 3
    itBMP = 4
End Enum

' private member variables
Private m_Width As Long
Private m_Height As Long
Private m_Depth As Byte
Private m_ImageType As eImageType

'
' CImageInfo
'
' Author: David Crowell
' davidc@qtm.net
' http://www.qtm.net/~davidc
'
' Released to the public domain
' use however you wish
'
' CImageInfo will get the image type ,dimensions, and
' color depth from JPG, PNG, BMP, and GIF files.
'
' version date: June 16, 1999

' read-only properties

Public Property Get Width() As Long
    Width = m_Width
End Property

Public Property Get Height() As Long
    Height = m_Height
End Property

Public Property Get Depth() As Byte
    Depth = m_Depth
End Property

Public Property Get ImageType() As eImageType
    ImageType = m_ImageType
End Property

Public Sub ReadImageInfo(sFileName As String)
' This is the sub to call to retrieve information on a file.
    
    ' Byte array buffer to store part of the file
    Dim bBuf(BUFFERSIZE) As Byte
    ' Open file number
    Dim iFN As Integer
    
    ' Set all properties to default values
    m_Width = 0
    m_Height = 0
    m_Depth = 0
    m_ImageType = itUNKNOWN
    
    ' here we will load the first part of a file into a byte 
'array the amount of the file stored here depends on 
'the BUFFERSIZE constant
    iFN = FreeFile
    Open sFileName For Binary As iFN
    Get #iFN, 1, bBuf()
    Close iFN
    
    If bBuf(0) = 137 And bBuf(1) = 80 And bBuf(2) = 78 Then
    ' this is a PNG file
    
        m_ImageType = itPNG
        
        ' get bit depth
        Select Case bBuf(25)
            Case 0
            ' greyscale
                m_Depth = bBuf(24)
                
            Case 2
            ' RGB encoded
                m_Depth = bBuf(24) * 3
                
            Case 3
            ' Palette based, 8 bpp
                m_Depth = 8
                
            Case 4
            ' greyscale with alpha
                m_Depth = bBuf(24) * 2
                
            Case 6
            ' RGB encoded with alpha
                m_Depth = bBuf(24) * 4
                
            Case Else
            ' This value is outside of it's normal range, so
            'we'll assume
            ' that this is not a valid file
                m_ImageType = itUNKNOWN
                
        End Select
        
        If m_ImageType Then
        ' if the image is valid then
        
            ' get the width
            m_Width = Mult(bBuf(19), bBuf(18))
            
            ' get the height
            m_Height = Mult(bBuf(23), bBuf(22))
        End If
        
    End If
    
    If bBuf(0) = 71 And bBuf(1) = 73 And bBuf(2) = 70 Then
    ' this is a GIF file
        
        m_ImageType = itGIF
        
        ' get the width
        m_Width = Mult(bBuf(6), bBuf(7))
        
        ' get the height
        m_Height = Mult(bBuf(8), bBuf(9))
        
        ' get bit depth
        m_Depth = (bBuf(10) And 7) + 1
    End If
    
    If bBuf(0) = 66 And bBuf(1) = 77 Then
    ' this is a BMP file
    
        m_ImageType = itBMP
        
        ' get the width
        m_Width = Mult(bBuf(18), bBuf(19))
        
        ' get the height
        m_Height = Mult(bBuf(22), bBuf(23))
        
        ' get bit depth
        m_Depth = bBuf(28)
    End If

    If m_ImageType = itUNKNOWN Then
    ' if the file is not one of the above type then
    ' check to see if it is a JPEG file
        Dim lPos As Long
        
        Do
        ' loop through looking for the byte sequence FF,D8,FF
        ' which marks the begining of a JPEG file
        ' lPos will be left at the postion of the start
            If (bBuf(lPos) = &HFF And bBuf(lPos + 1) = &HD8 _  
                 And bBuf(lPos + 2) = &HFF) _
                 Or (lPos >= BUFFERSIZE - 10) Then Exit Do
            
            ' move our pointer up
            lPos = lPos + 1
            
        ' and continue
        Loop
        
        lPos = lPos + 2
        If lPos >= BUFFERSIZE - 10 Then Exit Sub
        
        
        Do
' loop through the markers until we find the one 
'starting with FF,C0 which is the block containing the 
'image information
        
            Do
            ' loop until we find the beginning of the next marker
                If bBuf(lPos) = &HFF And bBuf(lPos + 1) _
               <> &HFF Then Exit Do
                lPos = lPos + 1
                If lPos >= BUFFERSIZE - 10 Then Exit Sub
            Loop
            
            ' move pointer up
            lPos = lPos + 1
            
            Select Case bBuf(lPos)
                Case &HC0 To &HC3, &HC5 To &HC7, &HC9 To &HCB, _
                &HCD To &HCF
                ' we found the right block
                    Exit Do
            End Select
            
            ' otherwise keep looking
            lPos = lPos + Mult(bBuf(lPos + 2), bBuf(lPos + 1))
            
            ' check for end of buffer
            If lPos >= BUFFERSIZE - 10 Then Exit Sub
            
        Loop
        
        ' If we've gotten this far it is a JPEG and we are ready
        ' to grab the information.
        
        m_ImageType = itJPEG
        
        ' get the height
        m_Height = Mult(bBuf(lPos + 5), bBuf(lPos + 4))
        
        ' get the width
        m_Width = Mult(bBuf(lPos + 7), bBuf(lPos + 6))
        
        ' get the color depth
        m_Depth = bBuf(lPos + 8) * 8
        
    End If
    
End Sub
Private Function Mult(lsb As Byte, msb As Byte) As Long
    Mult = lsb + (msb * CLng(256))
End Function

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Get random color
Visual Basic
graphics

2005-01-27 09:25:19
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Public Function RandomRGBColor() As Long
    RandomRGBColor = RGB( _
        Int(Rnd() * 256), _
        Int(Rnd() * 256), _
        Int(Rnd() * 256))
End Function
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Get screen resolution
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-16 15:39:39
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'no API required
sHeight = Screen.Height \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelY 
sWidth = Screen.Width \ Screen.TwipsPerPixelX 

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Gradient - apply to a picturebox, 2 colors, 4 directions
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-05 14:25:28
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Sub ColorPicture(P As PictureBox, Direction As Long, R1 As Integer, G1 As Integer, B1 As Integer, R2 As Integer, G2 As Integer, B2 As Integer)

    P.DrawStyle = vbInsideSolid
    P.DrawMode = vbCopyPen
    P.ScaleMode = vbPixels
    P.AutoRedraw = True
    
    
    Dim i As Integer, iHeight As Integer, iWidth As Integer
    Dim R As Integer, G As Integer, B As Integer
    iWidth = P.ScaleWidth
    iHeight = P.ScaleHeight
        
    Select Case Direction
        Case 1              'bottom to top
            For i = 0 To iHeight
                R = R1 - (R1 - R2) / iHeight * i
                G = G1 - (G1 - G2) / iHeight * i
                B = B1 - (B1 - B2) / iHeight * i
                P.Line (0, i)-(iWidth, i), RGB(R, G, B), B
            Next i
        Case 2              'top to bottom
            For i = 0 To iHeight
                R = R1 - (R1 - R2) / iHeight * i
                G = G1 - (G1 - G2) / iHeight * i
                B = B1 - (B1 - B2) / iHeight * i
                P.Line (0, iHeight - i)-(iWidth, iHeight - i), RGB(R, G, B), B
            Next i
        Case 3              'left to right
            For i = 0 To iWidth
                R = R1 - (R1 - R2) / iHeight * i
                G = G1 - (G1 - G2) / iHeight * i
                B = B1 - (B1 - B2) / iHeight * i
                P.Line (i, 0)-(i, iHeight), RGB(R, G, B), B
            Next i
        Case 4              'right to left
            For i = 0 To iWidth
                R = R1 - (R1 - R2) / iHeight * i
                G = G1 - (G1 - G2) / iHeight * i
                B = B1 - (B1 - B2) / iHeight * i
                P.Line (iWidth - i, 0)-(iWidth - i, iHeight), RGB(R, G, B), B
            Next i
    End Select
    
End Sub
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Gradient - apply to form, 2 colors, 4 directions
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-05 12:28:26
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Sub ColorForm(F As Form, Direction As Long, R1 As Integer, G1 As Integer, B1 As Integer, R2 As Integer, G2 As Integer, B2 As Integer)
    
    F.DrawStyle = vbInsideSolid
    F.DrawMode = vbCopyPen
    F.ScaleMode = vbPixels
'    F.DrawWidth = 2
    F.AutoRedraw = True
    
    
    Dim i As Integer, iHeight As Integer, iWidth As Integer
    Dim R As Integer, G As Integer, B As Integer
    iWidth = F.ScaleWidth
    iHeight = F.ScaleHeight
    
    Select Case Direction
        Case 1
            'bottom to top
            For i = 0 To iHeight
                R = R1 - (R1 - R2) / iHeight * i
                G = G1 - (G1 - G2) / iHeight * i
                B = B1 - (B1 - B2) / iHeight * i
                F.Line (0, i)-(iWidth, i), RGB(R, G, B), B
            Next i
        Case 2
            'top to bottom
            For i = 0 To iHeight
                R = R1 - (R1 - R2) / iHeight * i
                G = G1 - (G1 - G2) / iHeight * i
                B = B1 - (B1 - B2) / iHeight * i
                F.Line (0, iHeight - i)-(iWidth, iHeight - i), RGB(R, G, B), B
            Next i
        Case 3
            'left to right
            For i = 0 To iWidth
                R = R1 - (R1 - R2) / iHeight * i
                G = G1 - (G1 - G2) / iHeight * i
                B = B1 - (B1 - B2) / iHeight * i
                F.Line (i, 0)-(i, iHeight), RGB(R, G, B), B
            Next i
        Case 4
            'right to left
            For i = 0 To iWidth
                R = R1 - (R1 - R2) / iHeight * i
                G = G1 - (G1 - G2) / iHeight * i
                B = B1 - (B1 - B2) / iHeight * i
                F.Line (iWidth - i, 0)-(iWidth - i, iHeight), RGB(R, G, B), B
            Next i
    End Select

End Sub


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Gradient - full spectrum
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100 gradient pixel
2005-02-05 14:26:32
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Function GetColor(Zvalue As Single, ByVal Hi As Single, ByVal Low As Single, R as integer, G as integer, B as integer) As Long
'returns Long color, and RGB components, across the entire spectrum based on position of a number between two limits

Dim CRatio As Single, Exponent As Single
Exponent = 0.365
If Hi <> Low Then
    CRatio = Abs((Zvalue - Low) / (Hi - Low))
Else
    CRatio = 0
End If
    
If CRatio > 1 Then CRatio = 1
If CRatio < 0 Then CRatio = 0

Select Case CRatio
    Case Is < 0.25
        r = 0
        g = 255 * (((CRatio - 0) * 4) ^ Exponent)
        b = 255
    Case Is < 0.5
        r = 0
        g = 255
        b = 255 * ((1 - (CRatio - 0.25) * 4) ^ Exponent)
    Case Is < 0.75
        r = 255 * (((CRatio - 0.5) * 4) ^ Exponent)
        g = 255
        b = 0
    Case Else
        r = 255
        g = 255 * ((1 - (CRatio - 0.75) * 4) ^ Exponent)
        b = 0

End Select
GetColor = RGB(r, g, b)

End Function

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Non-centered wallpaper
Visual Basic
graphics

2005-01-26 16:27:59
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'edit registry key: HKCU\Control Panel\Desktop
'then add or set the String values WallPaperOriginX and WallPaperOriginY (x/y is top/left)

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Overlay an image
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-13 22:26:30
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'four kinds of overlay (smaller picture placed on top of larger picture)
- blocking
- transparency
- transparency with merging
- masked

'---Blocking---
'copy all or part of 1 image onto another
Dim DT As Long, DL As Long, DW As Long, DH As Long
Dim ST As Long, SL As Long, SW As Long, SH As Long
DT = 0        'DestTop
DL = 0        'DestLeft
DW = 5000     'DestWidth   use this for resizing the painted image
DH = 5000     'DestHeight  use this for resizing the painted image
'use these 4 for selecting a portion of the source image
ST = 100     'SourceTop
SL = 100     'SourceLeft
SW = 200     'SourceWidth
SH = 200     'SourceHeight
picBackGround.PaintPicture picOverlay.Picture, DT, DL, DW, DH, ST, SL, SW, SH

'---Transparency---
'can't use paintpicture because it doesn't support transparency color
Dim BackgroundTop As Long, BackgroundLeft As Long
Dim OverlayTop As Long, OverlayLeft As Long, OverlayWidth As Long, OverlayHeight As Long
Dim TColor As Long
Dim x As Long, y As Long

TColor = vbWhite

BackgroundTop = 20     'starting point on background
BackgroundLeft = 50     'starting point on background

'use these 4 for selecting a portion of the source image
OverlayTop = 0     'starting point on overlay
OverlayLeft = 0     'starting point on overlay
OverlayWidth = 30   'ending point on overlay
OverlayHeight = 30   'ending point on overlay
    
'perform the overlay
picBackground.ScaleMode = vbPixels
picoverlay.ScaleMode = vbPixels
For x = OverlayLeft To OverlayLeft + OverlayWidth
    For y = OverlayTop To OverlayTop + OverlayHeight
        If picoverlay.Point(x, y) <> TColor Then
            picBackground.PSet (BackgroundLeft + x - OverlayLeft, BackgroundTop + y - OverlayTop), picoverlay.Point(x, y)   '***see below***
        End If
    Next y
Next x

'---Merging---
'instead of the background taking on the overlay color, let the background show through (semi-transparency)
Dim BackgroundTop As Long, BackgroundLeft As Long
Dim OverlayTop As Long, OverlayLeft As Long, OverlayWidth As Long, OverlayHeight As Long
Dim x As Long, y As Long, A As Byte, Color As Long
Dim R1 As Long, R2 As Long, G1 As Long, G2 As Long, B1 As Long, B2 As Long
'A is the alpha (transparency 0-255)
A = 100
BackgroundTop = 20     'starting point on background
BackgroundLeft = 50     'starting point on background

'use these 4 for selecting a portion of the source image
OverlayTop = 0     'starting point on overlay
OverlayLeft = 0     'starting point on overlay
OverlayWidth = 30   'ending point on overlay
OverlayHeight = 30   'ending point on overlay
    
'perform the overlay
picBackground.ScaleMode = vbPixels
picOverlay.ScaleMode = vbPixels
For x = OverlayLeft To OverlayLeft + OverlayWidth
    For y = OverlayTop To OverlayTop + OverlayHeight
        Color = picOverlay.Point(x, y)
        R1 = Color Mod 256
        G1 = (Color \ 256) Mod 256
        B1 = (Color \ 256 \ 256) Mod 256
        Color = picBackground.Point(BackgroundLeft + x - OverlayLeft, BackgroundTop + y - OverlayTop)
        R2 = Color Mod 256
        G2 = (Color \ 256) Mod 256
        B2 = (Color \ 256 \ 256) Mod 256

        R1 = (A * R1 + (255 - A) * R2) \ 256
        G1 = (A * G1 + (255 - A) * G2) \ 256
        B1 = (A * B1 + (255 - A) * B2) \ 256

        Color = RGB(R1, G1, B1)
        picBackground.PSet (BackgroundLeft + x - OverlayLeft, BackgroundTop + y - OverlayTop), Color
    Next y
Next x

'---Masked---
<in work>
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Read/write/display/convert GIF/JPG/BMP
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-13 09:28:19
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'read/display GIF/JPG/BMP
'VB pictures box can read all three types, but saves only as .bmp

SavePicture Picture1.Picture, "c:\myimage.bmp"

'To save an image as JPG or GIF use one of the freeware DLLs available:

' ijl11.dll from Intel
'picformat32.ocx/dll
'freeimage.dll




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Resize an image, keeping aspect ratio
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-03 13:25:33
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'this expands the size of an image control to the maximum
'dimension available, while keeping aspect ratio

'iWidth=width of picture and iHeight=height of picture in pixels

Dim wMax as long, hMax as long
'wMax is maximum physical width of control
'hMax is maximum physical height of control
'iWidth is width of image to be resized
'iHeight is height of image to be resized

'adjust size of control 
Aspect = iWidth / iHeight
If iWidth > iHeight Then
    'width is bigger, aspect>1
    imgDisplay.Width = wMax
    imgDisplay.Height = imgDisplay.Width / Aspect
Else
    'height is bigger, aspect<1
    imgDisplay.Height = hMax
    imgDisplay.Width = imgDisplay.Height * Aspect
End If

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Screen capture
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-05 12:23:54
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Private Declare Sub keybd_event Lib "user32" (ByVal bVk As Byte, ByVal bScan As Byte, ByVal dwFlags As Long, ByVal dwExtraInfo As Long)

'this puts the screen on the clipboard
Call keybd_event(vbKeySnapshot, 1, 0, 0)
DoEvents

'this puts the form on the clipboard
Call keybd_event(vbKeySnapshot, 0, 0, 0)
DoEvents

'use a DoEvents to ensure that the capture is completed before the VB program continues

'to get the image into your program (BMP format)
Picture1.picture = clipboard.getdata(vbCFBitmap)

'to save the image to a file (BMP format)
SavePicture Clipboard.GetData(vbCFBitmap), myFile

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Set wallpaper
Visual Basic
graphics
Top100
2005-02-16 15:39:48
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'Set wallpaper API
Private Declare Function SystemParametersInfo Lib "user32" Alias "SystemParametersInfoA" (ByVal uAction As Long, ByVal uParam As Long, ByVal lpvParam As Any, ByVal fuWinIni As Long) As Long
Const SPI_SETDESKWALLPAPER = 20
Const SPIF_SENDWININICHANGE = &H2
Const SPIF_UPDATEINIFILE = &H1

Dim iReturn As Long

'stretch image to fill screen
iReturn = SystemParametersInfo(SPI_SETDESKWALLPAPER, 0, "c:\paper.bmp", SPIF_UPDATEINIFILE Or SPIF_SENDWININICHANGE)

'center image in the screen (do not stretch)
iReturn = SystemParametersInfo(SPI_SETDESKWALLPAPER, 0, "c:\paper.bmp", 0)
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Check for Internet connection
Visual Basic
internet
Top100
2005-02-03 10:35:42
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Private Declare Function InternetGetConnectedStateEx Lib "wininet.dll" Alias _
"InternetGetConnectedStateExA" (lpdwFlags As Long, lpszConnectionName As Long, _
dwNameLen As Long, ByVal dwReserved As Long) As Long

Function IsConnected() As Boolean
   Dim lNameLen            As Long
   Dim lRetVal             As Long
   Dim lConnectionFlags    As Long
   Dim LPTR                As Long
   Dim lNameLenPtr         As Long
   Dim sConnectionName     As String
   sConnectionName = Space$(256)
   lNameLen = 256
   LPTR = StrPtr(sConnectionName)
   lNameLenPtr = VarPtr(lNameLen)
   lRetVal = InternetGetConnectedStateEx(lConnectionFlags, ByVal LPTR, ByVal lNameLen, 0&)
   IsConnected = (lRetVal <> 0)
End Function

'also, info is in the registry
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\RemoteAccess\Remote Connection is non zero.



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Create URL shortcut
Visual Basic
internet
Top100
2005-02-16 08:44:53
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'create a text file With two lines (use your own URL)
Open "c:\myurl.url" For Output As #1
Print #1, "[InternetShortcut]"
Print #1, "URL=http://www.microsoft.com/"
Close #1


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Create web page (HTML) from code
Visual Basic
internet
Top100
2005-02-16 08:43:58
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'add additional HTML code with additional Print statements
Open "mypage.htm" for Output As #1

Print #1, "<html>"
Print #1, "<head>"
Print #1, "</head>"
Print #1, "<body>"
Print #1, "<h2>My Page</h2>"
Print #1, "</body>"
Print #1, "</html>"

Close #1

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Download file from the web using API
Visual Basic
internet
Top100
2005-02-03 10:44:27
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Private Declare Function URLDownloadToFile Lib "urlmon" Alias _
    "URLDownloadToFileA" (ByVal pCaller As Long, ByVal szURL As String, _
    ByVal szFileName As String, ByVal dwReserved As Long, _
    ByVal lpfnCB As Long) As Long

'this will download the file onto the local harddrive 
Dim iReturn as long
iReturn = URLDownloadToFile(0, "http://www.domain.com/filename.txt", "c:\localfile.txt", 0, 0)


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Download web page (capture as string)
Visual Basic
internet
Top100
2005-02-16 08:42:42
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'uses the Internet Transfer Control
Dim temp As String
temp = Inet1.OpenURL("http://www.garybeene.com/index.htm")

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Get remote file information - size, date
Visual Basic
internet
Top100
2005-02-16 08:45:23
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'this uses the Internet Transfer Control
Dim temp as String
Inet.OpenURL "http://www.garybeene.com/index.htm"

'file length
temp = Inet.GetHeader("Content-length")
'file date
temp = Inet.GetHeader("Last-modified")
'to get all header info, don't specify the header type
temp = Inet.GetHeader

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Get stock prices
Visual Basic
internet

2005-02-09 21:34:27
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'uses the Internet Transfer Control
Dim temp As String
Dim quotestring as String
quotestring = "http://quote.yahoo.com/download/quotes.csv?format=sl&ext=.csv&symbols=txn,msn"
temp = Inet1.OpenURL(quotestring)

'on exit, cancel any pending requests
Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer)
    InetQuotes.Cancel
End Sub

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Open a web page in default browser
Visual Basic
internet
Top100,  HTML, URL, web page, browse
2005-02-16 08:42:55
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'Put this In the Declare section of the project
Public Declare Function ShellExecute Lib "SHELL32.DLL" Alias "ShellExecuteA" (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal lpOperation As String, ByVal lpFile As String, ByVal lpParameters As String, ByVal lpDirectory As String, ByVal nShowCmd As Long) As Long
Public Const SW_ShowNormal = 1

'put this where you can execute it, such as in a button click event
Dim iReturn As Long
iReturn = ShellExecute(frmMain.hwnd, "Open", "http://www.garybeene.com", vbNullString, vbNullString, SW_ShowNormal)
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Send email using default app
Visual Basic
internet
Top100
2005-02-16 08:43:14
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Private Declare Function ShellExecute Lib "SHELL32.DLL" Alias "ShellExecuteA" _
(ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal lpOperation As String, ByVal lpFile As String, _
ByVal lpParameters As String, ByVal lpDirectory As String, ByVal nShowCmd As Long) As Long
Public Const SW_ShowNormal = 1

'This opens the system's default email application, with content filled in

Dim temp as String, iReturn as Long
Dim EmailReceiver as String, Subject as String, Message as String

EmailReceiver = "gbeene@airmail.net"
Subject = "Greetings"
Message = "How are you today?"   'use hex %0D%0A for new lines

temp = "mailto:" & EmailReceiver & "?subject=" & Message & "&body=" & Message

iReturn = ShellExecute(0&, "Open", temp, vbNullString, vbNullString, SW_ShowNormal)

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Upload file (Freeware EZ-FTP)
Visual Basic
internet
Top100
2005-02-18 11:35:29
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'I've used this freeware FTP control - reliable and very easy to use!
'http://www.coolstf.com/activex.html    EZFTP

'Set parameters
FTP.RemoteAddress = www.domain.com
FTP.RemoteDirectory = /folder/
FTP.Username = "username"
FTP.Password = "psw"

'make a connection
FTP.Connect

'upload a file
FTP.RemoteFile = "myfile.txt"
FTP.LocalFile = "c:\myfile.txt"
FTP.PutFile

'done - break the connection
FTP.Disconnect


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Upload file (Internet Transfer Control)
Visual Basic
internet
Top100
2005-02-18 11:35:44
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'upload a file using FTP
Inet1.URL = "ftp://ftp.domain.com" 
Inet1.UserName = "UserName" 
Inet1.Password = "password" 
Inet1.Execute , "Put C:\putme.txt /files/putme.txt"
Inet1.Execute , "Close"


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Boolean comparison
Visual Basic
math

2005-02-21 09:04:45
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'Use this:
BooleanValue = (Var >5)

'Rather than this:
If Var > 5 Then
   BooleanValue = True
Else
   BooleanValue = False
End If

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Check for not null
Visual Basic
math

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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'NULL is treated as Boolean False
Dim Temp as string
IF Len(Temp)=0 THEN 
    'is Null
End If

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Random integer within range
Visual Basic
math
Top100
2005-02-01 22:17:27
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'use Randomize to seed the Rnd function (by default, uses system timer)
Dim iNumber as Long, Upper as Long, Lower as Long
Randomize
iNumber = Int ((Upper - Lower + 1) * Rnd + Lower)

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Round down
Visual Basic
math

2005-02-16 15:48:04
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Function RoundDown(byVal Value as long, Round as long)
       RoundUp = Value  -  (Value mod Round)
End Function

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Round to 2 decimals
Visual Basic
math
Top100
2005-02-03 11:10:05
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'use Format function with Currency 
Dim Round as Double, nValue as Double
Round = CDbl(Format(nValue, "Currency"))
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Round to n decimals
Visual Basic
math
Top100
2005-02-18 11:36:20
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'Multiply the value by a power of ten
'Round to an integer using CInt
'Divide by the power of ten.
Dim Round As Double, nDigits As Long, nValue As Double
Round = Int(nValue * (10 ^ nDigits) + 0.5) / (10 ^ nDigits)

'alterate approach
Round = Format(nValue, "0.00\0")

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Round up
Visual Basic
math

2005-02-16 15:48:13
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Function RoundUp(byVal Value as long, Round as long)
       RoundUp = ((Value \ Round) + Sgn(Value Mod Round)) * 5
End Function

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Swap two variables
Visual Basic
math

2005-02-09 15:43:35
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'swap integer or long variable
a = a Xor b
b = a Xor b
a = a Xor b
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Test for even
Visual Basic
math

2005-01-25 09:35:06
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Dim isEven as Boolean
if n and 1 then isEven = false

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Test for non-zero
Visual Basic
math
Boolean
2005-01-09 00:27:13
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'converting numbers to Boolean: 0 is FALSE, all others are true
'converting Boolean to a number:  TRUE becomes -1,  FALSE becomes 0

If var Then
    'this section executes if var is non-zero
End If

'or this approach
If var <> 0 Then
    'this section executate if var is non-zero
End If

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Test two variables for zero
Visual Basic
math

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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'at least 1 is zero
IF var1*var2 THEN

'at least 1 is NOT zero
IF var1 OR var2 THEN
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Toggle between 0 and -1
Visual Basic
math

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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A = NOT A
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Toggle between 0 and 1
Visual Basic
math

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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A = A XOR 1
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Toggle between 1 and 2
Visual Basic
math

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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A = 3 - A
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Dial a Phone Number #1
Visual Basic
misc-commands

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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PhoneNumber$ = "(123)456-7890" 
Open "COM2:" For Output As #1 'or COM1 
Print #1, "ATDT" & PhoneNumber$ & Chr$(13) 
Close #1 

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Dial a Phone Number #2
Visual Basic
misc-commands

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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Public Declare Function tapiRequestMakeCall Lib "TAPI32.DLL" _ 
(ByVal Dest As String, ByVal AppName As String, _ 
ByVal CalledParty As String, ByVal Comment As String) As LongPublic

Sub PhoneCall(sNumber As String, sName As String)
Dim lRetVal As Long
lRetVal = tapiRequestMakeCall(Trim$(sNumber), App.Title, 
Trim$(sName), "")
If lRetVal <> 0 Then
'Couldn't make the call.
'Take appropriate action
End If
End Sub
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Run code one time only within a subroutine
Visual Basic
misc-commands

2005-02-16 09:45:23
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Sub AnySubroutine()
Static initialized As Boolean
If Not initialized Then
    'put code here that will be executed one time only
    initialized = True
End If
'put code here that will run every Time Sub Is called
End Sub
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Show Onscreen Keyboard
Visual Basic
misc-commands

2005-01-23 11:08:38
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private sub  mnuEditKeyboard_Click()
On Error GoTo KeyError
Shell "OSK"
Exit Sub

KeyError:
MsgBox "The On-Screen Keyboard applications was not found!", vbOKOnly + vbExclamation, "On-Screen Keyboard"
end sub
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Play CD (MM control)
Visual Basic
multimedia
Top100
2005-02-14 22:06:56
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'multimedia control supports AVI, MPG video files - .WAV, MID audio files - music CD in CD-ROM drive
'does not support .MP3 files
'multimedia control can be visible, or not.
'if visible, user can press buttons to control actions
'if not visible, control of files to be played is handled via code only

MMControl1.DeviceType = "CDAudio"
MMControl1.Command = "Open"    'control buttons will now activate


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Play sound (API only)
Visual Basic
multimedia
Top100
2005-02-14 21:55:48
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Declare Function sndPlaySound Lib "winmm.dll" Alias "sndPlaySoundA" (ByVal lpszSoundName as string, ByVal uFlags as Long) as Long
Dim iReturn Long, SoundFile as String

'set the filename of the sound to be played
SoundFile = "sound.wav"

'play sound once (in the background)
iReturn = sndPlaySound(SoundFile, &H1)

'play sound once (programs waits until done)
iReturn = sndPlaySound(SoundFile, &H0)

'play sound continuously
iReturn = sndPlaySound(SoundFile, &H8)

'stop sound once it has started
iReturn = sndPlaySound(vbNullString, False)

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Play sound (MM control)
Visual Basic
multimedia
Top100
2005-02-14 22:07:05
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'multimedia control supports AVI, MPG video files - .WAV, MID audio files - music CD in CD-ROM drive
'does not support .MP3 files
'multimedia control can be visible, or not.
'if visible, user can press buttons to control actions
'if not visible, control of files to be played is handled via code only

'Audio
'in form_load
MMControl1.Notify = False
MMControl1.Wait = True
MMControl1.Shareable = False
'then to play .wav
MMControl1.FileName = "c:\test.wav"   
MMControl1.Command = "Open"    'control buttons will now activate
'then to play .mid
MMControl1.FileName = "c:\test.mid"
MMControl1.Command = "Open"    'control buttons will now activate


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Play video (MM control)
Visual Basic
multimedia
Top100
2005-02-14 22:07:16
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'multimedia control supports AVI, MPG video files - .WAV, MID audio files - music CD in CD-ROM drive
'does not support .MP3 files
'multimedia control can be visible, or not.
'if visible, user can press buttons to control actions
'if not visible, control of files to be played is handled via code only

'Video- 
'in form_load
MMControl1.Notify = False
MMControl1.Wait = True
MMControl1.Shareable = False
MMControl1.hwdDisplay = Picture1.hWnd    'designate the Picturebox to display the video file
'then to play .avi file
MMControl1.FileName = "c:\test.avi"
MMControl1.Command = "Open"
'then to play .mpg file
MMControl1.FileName = "c:\test.mpg"
MMControl1.Command = "Open"
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Record sound (MM control)
Visual Basic
multimedia
Top100
2005-02-14 22:17:46
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'multimedia control supports AVI, MPG video files - .WAV, MID audio files - music CD in CD-ROM drive
'does not support .MP3 files
'multimedia control can be visible, or not.
'if visible, user can press buttons to control actions
'if not visible, control of files to be played is handled via code only

'Audio
'in form_load
MMControl1.Notify = False
MMControl1.Wait = True
MMControl1.Shareable = False

'then to record .wav file
MMControl1.DeviceType = "WaveAudio"
MMControl1.FileName = "d:\test.wav"
MMControl1.Command = "Open"


'reference
'events
.xxxClick
.xxxGotFocus
.xxxCompleted
.StatusUpdate
.Done

'properties/methods
.DeviceType (optional - automatically detected using filename extension)
.FileName
.Command   Open, Close, Play, Stop, Pause, Step, Back, Prev, Next, Record, Save, Eject, Sound

.Visible
.AutoEnable
.xxxEnabled  Play, Stop, Pause, Step, Back, Prev, Next, Record, Eject,
.CanEject, CanPlay, CanRecord, CanStop
.Orientation

.Shareable
.RecordMode

.TimeFormat
.Length / .Position
.From / .To
.Tracks / .TrackLength / .TrackPosition
.Frame

.UpdateInterval
.Wait
.Notify / .NotifyMessage / .NotifyValue
.Error / .ErrorMessage

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Find a single file - imageshlp.dll 
Visual Basic
navigation

2005-02-18 11:37:45
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Private Declare Function SearchTreeForFile Lib "imagehlp.dll" (ByVal sRootPath _
    As String, ByVal InputPathName As String, ByVal OutputPathBuffer As String) _
    As Boolean


Dim temp As String
temp = SearchForFile("d:\data", "webcam.jpg")

Function SearchForFile(ByVal StartingDir As String, ByVal FileName As String)  As String
   'locate a Single file, first occurence - Get the full path name
   'returns Null String If no found
    Dim buffer As String * 260     'max length for a filename
    If SearchTreeForFile(StartingDir, FileName, buffer) Then
        'non-zero rReturn means file was found
        SearchForFile = Left$(buffer, InStr(buffer, vbNullChar) - 1)
    End If
End Function
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List files and folders - API (pattern)
Visual Basic
navigation
Top100
2005-02-18 11:38:36
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Private Declare Function FindClose Lib "kernel32" (ByVal hFindFile As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function FindFirstFile Lib "kernel32" Alias "FindFirstFileA" (ByVal lpFileName As String, lpFindFileData As WIN32_FIND_DATA) As Long
Private Declare Function FindNextFile Lib "kernel32" Alias "FindNextFileA" (ByVal hFindFile As Long, lpFindFileData As WIN32_FIND_DATA) As Long

Private Const vbDot = 46
Private Const MAXDWORD = &HFFFFFFFF
Private Const MAX_PATH = 260
Private Const INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = -1
Private Const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY = &H10

Private Type FILETIME
   dwLowDateTime As Long
   dwHighDateTime As Long
End Type

Private Type WIN32_FIND_DATA
   dwFileAttributes As Long
   ftCreationTime As FILETIME
   ftLastAccessTime As FILETIME
   ftLastWriteTime As FILETIME
   nFileSizeHigh As Long
   nFileSizeLow As Long
   dwReserved0 As Long
   dwReserved1 As Long
   cFileName As String * MAX_PATH
   cAlternate As String * 14
End Type


Private Sub SearchForFolders(FileRoot As String, FileNameExt As String, iCount As Long)
   Dim WFD As WIN32_FIND_DATA
   Dim hFile As Long
   Dim sRoot As String
   Dim spath As String
   Dim sTmp As String
   Dim iPos As Long
 
   sRoot = FileRoot
   If Right$(FileRoot, 1) <> "\" Then sRoot = FileRoot & "\"
   spath = sRoot & FileNameExt
   
  'obtain handle to the first match
   hFile = FindFirstFile(spath, WFD)
   If hFile <> INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE Then
      Do
         If Asc(WFD.cFileName) = vbDot Then
            'ignore . or ..
         ElseIf (WFD.dwFileAttributes And FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) And Asc(WFD.cFileName) <> vbDot Then
            'folder (Trim it for use)
            If InStr(WFD.cFileName, Chr$(0)) Then sTmp = Left$(WFD.cFileName, InStr(WFD.cFileName, Chr$(0)) - 1)
            
            PPrintsRoot & sTmp        'folder name
            
            iCount = iCount + 1
            'recursive
            FileRoot = sRoot & sTmp
            CCallSearchForFolders(FileRoot, FileNameExt, iCount)
         EElse
            'normal file
            'folder (Trim it for use)
            If InStr(WFD.cFileName, CChr$0)) Then sTmp = Left$(WFD.cFileName, InStr(WFD.cFileName, CChr$0)) - 1)
            Print sRoot & sTmp
         End If
      Loop While FindNextFile(hFile, WFD)
     'close the handle
      hFile = FindClose(hFile)
   End If
   
End Sub
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List files and folders - Dir$ (pattern)
Visual Basic
navigation
Top100
2005-02-18 11:38:46
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Dim X As Collection
Set X = GetAllFiles("c:\data", "*.*")
Print X.Count

Function GetAllFiles(ByVal path As String, ByVal filespec As String) As Collection
   
    Dim file As Variant
    Dim folder As Variant
    Dim folders As New Collection
    
    ' initialize the result
    Set GetAllFiles = New Collection
    
    If Right$(path, 1) <> "\" Then path = path & "\"
    
    'search path for files And folder
    file = Dir$(path & filespec, vbDirectory)
    Do While Len(file)
        If Left$(file, 1) <> "." Then  'ignore . And .. entries
            file = path & file
            If (GetAttr(file) And vbDirectory) <> 0 Then folders.Add file, file
            GetAllFiles.Add file, file
        End If
        file = Dir$
    Loop
    
    'get files in each folder
    For Each folder In folders
        For Each file In GetAllFiles(folder, filespec)
            GetAllFiles.Add file, file
        Next
    Next
    
End Function
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List files and folders - FSO
Visual Basic
navigation
Top100
2005-02-18 11:39:05
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Option Explicit
Dim X As New FileSystemObject

Dim F As Folder
Set F = X.GetFolder("d:\data")
GetFolderList F
 
 
Sub GetFolderList(aFolder As Folder)
'Put code here if you want to stop the search    If SearchStop = False Then Exit Sub
For Each tempFile In aFolder.Files
    Print tempFile.Name
Next

Dim tempFolder As Folder
For Each tempFolder In aFolder.SubFolders
    Print tempF.ParentFolder & "\"; tempF.Name
    GetFolderList tempFolder
Next
End Sub

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List files and folders - SysFileControls
Visual Basic
navigation
Top100
2005-02-18 11:39:26
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ReDim sArray(0) As String
Call DirWalk("*.*", "C:\data", sArray)


Sub DirWalk(ByVal sPattern As String, _
        ByVal CurrDir As String, sFound() _
        As String)
Dim i As Integer
Dim sCurrPath As String
Dim sFile As String
Dim ii As Integer
Dim iFiles As Integer
Dim iLen As Integer

If Right$(CurrDir, 1) <> "\" Then
        Dir1.Path = CurrDir & "\"
Else
        Dir1.Path = CurrDir
End If
For i = 0 To Dir1.ListCount
        If Dir1.List(i) <> "" Then
                DoEvents
                Call DirWalk(sPattern, _
                        Dir1.List(i), sFound())
        Else
                If Right$(Dir1.Path, 1) = "\" _
                        Then
                        sCurrPath = Left(Dir1.Path, _
                                Len(Dir1.Path) - 1)
                Else
                        sCurrPath = Dir1.Path
                End If
                File1.Path = sCurrPath
                File1.Pattern = sPattern
                If File1.ListCount > 0 Then
                        'matching files found In the directory
                        For ii = 0 To File1.ListCount - 1
                                ReDim Preserve _
                                        sFound(UBound(sFound) _
                                        + 1)
                                sFound(UBound(sFound) - _
                                        1) = sCurrPath & _
                                        "\" & File1.List(ii)
                        Next ii
                End If
                iLen = Len(Dir1.Path)
                Do While Mid(Dir1.Path, iLen, _
                        1) <> "\"
                        iLen = iLen - 1
                Loop
                Dir1.Path = Mid(Dir1.Path, 1, _
                        iLen)
        End If
Next i
End Sub
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Color printing
Visual Basic
printing
Top100
2005-02-14 14:13:00
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'this uses VB code, there's also an API called SetTextColor that can be used
Dim iReturn As Long, i As Long
For i = 0 To 15
    Printer.ForeColor = QBColor(i)
    Printer.Print "Hello"
Next i
Printer.EndDoc

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Print form image
Visual Basic
printing

2005-02-16 15:41:05
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frmMain.PrintForm
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Print images, positioned and scaled
Visual Basic
printing
Top100
2005-02-13 21:35:14
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'in this example, print 2 inches from left, 4 inches from top, shrink picutre to 20% of original size
Dim R As Single
Printer.ScaleMode = vbInches
Picture1.ScaleMode = vbInches
R = 0.2  'reduction
Printer.PaintPicture Picture1.Picture, 2#, 4#, R * Picture1.ScaleWidth, R * Picture1.ScaleHeight
Printer.EndDoc

'in this example print a 4x4 matrix strarting in the same location
Dim R As Single, i As Long, j As Long
Printer.ScaleMode = vbInches
Picture1.ScaleMode = vbInches
R = 0.2  'reduction
For i = 1 To 4
    For j = 1 To 4
        Printer.PaintPicture Picture1.Picture, 2 + (i - 1) * R * Picture1.ScaleWidth, 4 + (j - 1) * R * Picture1.ScaleWidth, R * Picture1.ScaleWidth, R * Picture1.ScaleHeight
    Next j
Next i
Printer.EndDoc


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Print preview
Visual Basic
printing
Top100
2005-02-18 11:39:59
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'create a sub that accepts an object to which the display is to go
'use picture object for preview, Printer object for actual printing
'PIcture can be a form that displays, or be on the actual page.
'pre-set the picture scale such that the visible area can display the entire printed page
'such as Picture1.Height = Printer.Height / 6 and PIcture1.Width = Printer.Width / 6 (or whatever scale your chose)

Sub PrintPreview(P As Object)
'in this example print a 4x4 matrix strarting in the same location
Dim R As Single, i As Long, j As Long
P.cls
P.ScaleMode = vbInches
P.ScaleMode = vbInches
R = 0.2  'reduction
For i = 1 To 2
    For j = 1 To 2
        P.PaintPicture Picture1.Picture, 2 + (i - 1) * R * Picture1.ScaleWidth, 4 + (j - 1) * R * Picture1.ScaleWidth, R * Picture1.ScaleWidth, R * Picture1.ScaleHeight
    Next j
Next i
End Sub

'usage (preview)
PrintPreview Picture1

'usage (actual printing)
PrintPreview Printer
Printer.EndDoc
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Print text, positioined, justified and size
Visual Basic
printing

2005-01-31 11:04:26
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Public Sub PrintAlignedText(s As String, Alignment As AlignmentConstants)
Select Case Alignment
Case vbCenter
Printer.CurrentX = (Printer.ScaleWidth - Printer.TextWidth(s)) \ 2
Case vbLeftJustify
Printer.CurrentX = 0
Case vbRightJustify
Printer.CurrentX = Printer.ScaleWidth - Printer.TextWidth(s)
End Select
Printer.Print s
End Sub


PrintAlignedText "Centered Text", vbCenter

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Clear application settings from registry 
Visual Basic
registry
Top100
2005-02-16 15:41:27
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'VB puts registry information at:
'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\VB and VBA Program Settings\appname\section\key\value

'to save a key-value pair
SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "MainLeft", frmMain.Left

'to remove a section
DeleteSetting App.Title, "Settings"


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Use registry to save program settings
Visual Basic
registry
Top100 settings
2005-02-06 21:41:02
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Sub Settings(Task As String)
'call this with "Get" during form load
'call this with "Save" during form unload
If Task = "Get" Then
   'run this during form load event
   'these are sample values - get/save whatever you program needs
    Me.Left = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "MainLeft", "1200")
    Me.Top = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "MainTop", "1200")
    Me.Width = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "MainWidth", "8085")
    Me.Height = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "MainHeight", "3630")
    mnuIgnoreCase.Checked = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "IgnoreCase", vbChecked)
    mnuHighlight.Checked = GetSetting(App.Title, "Settings", "HighLight", vbChecked)
Else
    'run this during form unload event
    'these are sample values - get/save whatever you program needs
    SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "MainLeft", frmMain.Left
    SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "MainTop", frmMain.Top
    SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "MainWidth", frmMain.Width
    SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "MainHeight", frmMain.Height
    SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "IgnoreCase", mnuIgnoreCase.Checked
    SaveSetting App.Title, "Settings", "HighLight", mnuHighlight.Checked
End If
End Sub


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Write registry value, any location using API
Visual Basic
registry

2005-02-16 15:41:58
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Public Enum REG_TOPLEVEL_KEYS
 HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT = &H80000000
 HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG = &H80000005
 HKEY_CURRENT_USER = &H80000001
 HKEY_DYN_DATA = &H80000006
 HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE = &H80000002
 HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA = &H80000004
 HKEY_USERS = &H80000003
End Enum


Private Declare Function RegCreateKey Lib "advapi32.dll" Alias "RegCreateKeyA" _
   (ByVal Hkey As Long, ByVal lpSubKey As String, phkResult As Long) As Long

Private Declare Function RegCloseKey Lib "advapi32.dll" (ByVal Hkey As Long) As Long

Private Declare Function RegSetValueEx Lib "advapi32.dll" Alias "RegSetValueExA" _
   (ByVal Hkey As Long, ByVal lpValueName As String, ByVal _
   Reserved As Long, ByVal dwType As Long, lpData As Any, ByVal cbData As Long) As Long

Private Const REG_SZ = 1


Private Function WriteStringToRegistry(Hkey As REG_TOPLEVEL_KEYS, SubKeyPath As String, KeyName As String, KeyValue As String) As Boolean
'if path does not exist it will be created
'Example: WriteStringToRegistry(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, "Software\Microsoft", "CustomerName", "FreeVBCode.com")

Dim bAns As Boolean
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
   Dim keyhand As Long
   Dim r As Long
   r = RegCreateKey(Hkey, strPath, keyhand)
   If r = 0 Then
        r = RegSetValueEx(keyhand, strValue, 0, _
           REG_SZ, ByVal strdata, Len(strdata))
        r = RegCloseKey(keyhand)
    End If
    
   WriteStringToRegistry = (r = 0)

Exit Function

ErrorHandler:
    WriteStringToRegistry = False
    Exit Function
    
End Function
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Checksum
Visual Basic
security
Top100
2005-02-04 13:26:34
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' This is the official polynomial used by CRC32 in PKZip.
' Often the polynomial is shown reversed (04C11DB7).
Dim dwPolynomial As Long
dwPolynomial = &HEDB88320
Dim i As Integer, j As Integer
ReDim crc32Table(256)
Dim dwCrc As Long

For i = 0 To 255
    dwCrc = i
    For j = 8 To 1 Step -1
        If (dwCrc And 1) Then
            dwCrc = ((dwCrc And &HFFFFFFFE) \ 2&) And &H7FFFFFFF
            dwCrc = dwCrc Xor dwPolynomial
        Else
            dwCrc = ((dwCrc And &HFFFFFFFE) \ 2&) And &H7FFFFFFF
        End If
    Next j
    crc32Table(i) = dwCrc
Next i

'open a file and get a Byte array
Open "c:\test.txt" For Binary As #1
    ReDim X(LOF(1)) As Byte
    Get #1, , X
Close #1

'calculate the CRC value itself
Dim crc32Result As Long
Dim iLookup As Integer
crc32Result = &HFFFFFFFF

For i = 0 To UBound(X)
      iLookup = (crc32Result And &HFF) Xor X(i)
      crc32Result = ((crc32Result And &HFFFFFF00) \ &H100) And 16777215  ' nasty shr 8 with vb :/
      crc32Result = crc32Result Xor crc32Table(iLookup)
Next

crc32 = Not (crc32Result)

MsgBox crc32


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Encrypt a file (no password)
Visual Basic
security

2005-02-04 12:55:34
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Function EncryptFile(FileName As String) As Boolean

'validate the file name
If Dir(FileName) = "" Then
    EncryptFile = False
    Exit Function
End If

'read the file into a Byte array  B()
Open FileName For Binary As #1
    ReDim B(LOF(1) - 1) As Byte
    Get #1, , B
Close #1

'encrypt the array
Dim i As Long, K As String
For i = 0 To UBound(B)
    If B(i) < 128 Then
        B(i) = B(i) + 128
    Else
        B(i) = B(i) - 128
    End If
Next i


'write the file
Open FileName For Binary As #1
   Put #1, , B
Close #1

EncryptFile = True

End Function
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Encrypt a file (uses password)
Visual Basic
security
Top100
2005-02-04 10:37:51
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Function EncryptFile(FileName As String, Key As String) As Boolean

'validate the file name
If Dir(FileName) = "" Then
    EncryptFile = False
    Exit Function
End If

'read the file into a Byte array  B()
Open FileName For Binary As #1
    ReDim B(LOF(1) - 1) As Byte
    Get #1, , B
Close #1

'encrypt the array
Dim i As Long, K As String
For i = 0 To UBound(B)
  K = Mid(Key, i Mod Len(Key) + 1, 1) 'next character from Key
  'next encrypted character - convert to ASCII, XOR them, and convert to a character again
  B(i) = B(i) Xor Asc(K)
Next i

'write the file
Open FileName For Binary As #1
   Put #1, , B
Close #1

EncryptFile = True

End Function
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Encrypt a string (no password)
Visual Basic
security

2005-02-04 10:34:49
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Function EncryptString(Plain As String) As String
Dim i As Long
For i = 1 To Len(Plain)
    If Asc(Mid$(Plain, i, 1)) < 128 Then
        EncryptString = EncryptString & Chr(Asc(Mid$(Plain, i, 1)) + 128)
    Else
        EncryptString = EncryptString & Chr(Asc(Mid$(Plain, i, 1)) - 128)
    End If
Next i
End Function
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Encrypt a string (uses password)
Visual Basic
security
Top100
2005-02-04 10:09:36
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Function EncryptString(Plain As String, Key As String) As String
Dim i As Long, P As String, K As String
For i = 1 To Len(Plain)
  P = Mid(Plain, i, 1)                      'next character from Plain
  K = Mid(Key, (i - 1) Mod Len(Key) + 1, 1) 'next character from Key
  'next encrypted character - convert to ASCII, XOR them, and convert to a character again
  EncryptString = EncryptString & Chr(Asc(P) Xor Asc(K))
Next i
End Function  

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Bubble sort
Visual Basic
sort

2005-02-18 11:40:57
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'sort Info Array
'Remove the LCase$ if you don't want to ignore Case
'reverse the > if you want a descending sort
For i = 0 To UBound(Info) - 1
    For j = i + 1 To UBound(Info)
        If LCase$(Info(i)) > LCase$(Info(j)) Then
            'swap places
            temp = Info(i)
            Info(i) = Info(j)
            Info(j) = temp
         End If
    Next j
Next 
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Bubble sort (improved)
Visual Basic
sort

2005-02-18 11:41:36
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'faster verson of bubble sort - maybe 1/3 faster
'sort Array called 'Info'
'make temp variable same type as Info
'Remove the LCase$ if you don't want to ignore case
'reverse the > If you want a descending sort

Dim Exchange As Boolean
Dim i As Long, temp
Do
    Exchange = False

    For i = UBound(Info) To LBound(Info) + 1 Step -1
        If LCase$(Info(i - 1)) > LCase$(Info(i)) Then
            'swap places
            temp = Info(i - 1)
            Info(i - 1) = Info(i)
            Info(i) = temp
        End If
    Next

    For i = LBound(Info) + 1 To UBound(Info)
        If LCase$(Info(i - 1)) > LCase$(Info(i)) Then
            'swap places
            temp = Info(i - 1)
            Info(i - 1) = Info(i)
            Info(i) = temp
        End If
    Next

Loop While Exchange


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QuickSort
Visual Basic
sort
Top100
2005-02-02 22:17:37
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Private Sub Quick_Sort(ByVal lower%, ByVal upper%)
'this is hard-coded for an array called Code()
    If lower >= upper Then Exit Sub
    
    Dim low%, midl%, high%
    Dim midval As String
    Dim tmp As CodeData
    
    low = lower
    high = upper
    
    'Determine a mid value by position only
    midl = (lower + upper) \ 2
    midval = LCase$(Code(midl).Language & ":::" & Code(midl).Category & ":::" & Code(midl).Title)
 
    Do While low <= high
        'Find a value higher than the mid value
        '  that is below the midpoint
        Do Until low >= upper
            If LCase$(Code(low).Language & ":::" & Code(low).Category & ":::" & Code(low).Title) >= midval Then Exit Do
            low = low + 1
        Loop
     
        'Find a value lower than the mid value
        '  that is above the midpoint
        Do Until high <= lower
            If midval >= LCase$(Code(high).Language & ":::" & Code(high).Category & ":::" & Code(high).Title) Then Exit Do
            high = high - 1
        Loop
 
        If low <= high Then
            'Note we do not want to increment low and
            '  decrement high if they have collided
            If low < high Then
                'This test means we have found:
                '1. A value higher than midval
                '2. A value lower than midval
                '3. They are out of order
                '(if one or the other has not been
                ' found then low will be >= high)
                tmp = Code(low)
                Code(low) = Code(high)
                Code(high) = tmp
            End If
            low = low + 1
            high = high - 1
            'We continue until high and low collide
        End If
    Loop

    'These are the recursive calls designed to sort
    ' two halves after high and low have collided
    If lower < high Then Quick_Sort lower, high
    If low < upper Then Quick_Sort low, upper
End Sub

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Using SHELL to DOS
Visual Basic
sort

2005-02-16 15:49:08
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Shell "SORT < " & file1 & " > " &  file2

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Compare leftmost character
Visual Basic
strings

2005-02-18 11:42:12
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If Left$(MyString,1) = "L"

'is same as

If Chr$(Asc(MyString)) = "L"


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Convert Byte array to string
Visual Basic
strings
Top100
2005-02-07 23:20:16
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'use to handle Byte arrays returned from API

Public Function ByteArrayToString(bytArray() As Byte) As String
Dim i as Long
ByteArrayToString = StrConv(bytArray, vbUnicode)
i = InStr(sAns, Chr(0))
If i > 0 Then ByteArrayToString = Left(sAns, iPos - 1)
End Function


'=====================
'more information on Byte arrays and strings:

Dim B(10) as Byte   'byte arry
Dim VarString as  String  'string

'this puts a zero in every other element
B = VarString        

'this returns a byte array with only the character codes (no chr$(0) every other element
B = StrConv(VarString, vbFromUnicode)  


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Count occurences of string
Visual Basic
strings

2005-02-09 13:12:12
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'one way to do it
Count = UBound(Split(Source,SearchString))

'alternate
Count = Len(Source) - Len(Replace(Source, SearchString, Mid$(Search,2)))


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Delete carriage returns from textbox
Visual Basic
strings

2005-01-24 20:31:55
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sub  DeleteCRLF()
txtHidden.Text = txtVisible.Text
txtVisible.Text = Replace$(txtVisible.Text, vbCrLf, "")
end sub
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Eliminate duplicate character pairs in a string
Visual Basic
strings

2005-02-08 16:00:20
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'before using Split, eliminate instances of duplicate delimiters
D2 = "\\"
D = "\"
Do Until InStr(MyString, D2) = 0
    MyString = Replace(MyString, D2, D)
Loop
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Find text before/between/after two target strings
Visual Basic
strings
Top100
2005-02-05 21:30:28
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Function SplitText(ByVal InString As String, Tag1 As String, Tag2 As String, Before As String, Between As String, After As String) As Boolean
'returns true if the tag pair is found
Dim PosTag1 As Long, PosTag2 As Long
PosTag1 = InStr(InString, Tag1)
PosTag2 = InStr(PosTag1 + Len(PosTag1), InString, Tag2, vbTextCompare)
If PosTag1 > 0 Then
    Before = Left$(InString, PosTag1 - 1)  'string found
    If PosTag2 > 0 Then
        Between = Mid$(InString, PosTag1 + Len(Tag1), PosTag2 - PosTag1 - Len(Tag2))
        After = Mid$(InString, PosTag2 + Len(Tag2))
        SplitText = True
    End If
End If
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Find/replace
Visual Basic
strings
Top100
2005-02-02 08:05:41
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'vbTextCompare or vbBinaryCompare for case sensitivity as needed
'StartPos and vbTextCompare are optional

'find (starting at the left)
i = Instr(StartPos, StringBeingSearched, SearchBeingSearchedFor, vbTextCompare)

'find (starting at the right)
i = InstrRev(StartPos, StringBeingSearched, StringBeingSearchedFor, vbTextCompare)

'replace
temp = Replace(StringBeingSearched, StringBeingSearchedFor, StartPos, vbTextCompare)
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Get first word in a string
Visual Basic
strings

2005-01-09 00:27:13
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'Everything that precedes the first space is the first word
'First use Trim$ to remove leading spaces
MyString = LTrim$(MyString)
FirstWord = Left$(MyString, Instr(MyString," ") -1)

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Split string into array
Visual Basic
strings
Top100
2005-02-16 15:49:30
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'for a string of words, separated by spaces
Dim WordArray
WordArray = Split(Trim$(BigString), " ", -1)
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Using format$
Visual Basic
strings

2005-02-18 11:48:48
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If you try To Format a number without specifying Format
Format provides functionality similar To the Str Function
positive numbers formatted As strings using Format Do Not include a leading Space

StringResult = Format(expression, format)

'Named Date/Time Formats
'General Date	Display a Date and/or Time. 4/3/93 05:34 PM  4/3/93  05:34 PM 
'Long Date	Display a Date according to your system's Long Date Format.	
'Medium Date	Display a Date using the medium Date Format 	
'Short Date	Display a Date using your system's short Date Format.	
'Long Time	Display a Time using your system's Long Time Format; includes hours, minutes, seconds.	
'Medium Time	Display Time in 12-Hour Format using hours and minutes and the AM/PM designator.	
'Short Time	Display a Time using the 24-Hour Format, For example, 17:45.	

'Named Numeric Formats
'General Number	Display number with no thousand separator.	
'Currency	Display number with thousand separator, If appropriate; display two digits to the right of the decimal separator. output Is based on system locale <JavaScript:alink_4.Click()> settings.	
'Fixed		Display at least one digit to the left and two digits to the right of the decimal separator.	
'Standard	Display number with thousand separator, at least one digit to the left and two digits to the right of the decimal separator.	
'Percent	Display number multiplied by 100 with a percent sign (%) appended to the right; always display two digits to the right of the decimal separator.	
'Scientific	Use standard scientific notation.	
'Yes/No	Display No if number is 0; otherwise, display Yes.	
'True/False	Display False if number is 0; otherwise, display True.	
'On/Off	Display Off if number is 0; otherwise, display On.	

'User-Defined Numeric Formats
'None	Display the number with no formatting.	
'(0)	Digit placeholder. Display a digit or a zero. Display leading zero(s) as needed.  Round to right as many decimal places as there are zeros
'(#)	Digit placeholder. Display a digit or Nothing. Display nothing In an empty position.  Leading and trailing zeros aren't displayed
'(.)	Decimal placeholder.
'(%)	Percentage placeholder. The expression is multiplied by 100. The percent character (%) Is inserted in the position where it appears in the Format String.	
'(,)	Thousand separator. 
'(:)	Time separator. separates hours, minutes, and seconds	
'(/)	Date separator separates the Day, Month, and Year	
'- + $ ( )	Display a literal character. To display a character other than one of those listed, precede it with a backslash (\) or enclose it In Double quotation marks (" ").	
'(\)	Display the next character in the Format String. To display a character that has special meaning as a literal character, precede it With a backslash (\). The backslash itself isn't displayed. Using a backslash Is the same As enclosing the Next character In Double quotation marks. To display a backslash, use two backslashes (\\).  Examples of characters that can't be displayed As literal characters are the Date-formatting And Time-formatting characters (a, c, d, h, m, n, p, q, s, t, w, y, / And :), the numeric-formatting characters (#, 0, %, E, e, comma, and period), and the string-formatting characters (@, &, <, >, and !).	
'("ABC")	Display the string inside the double quotation marks (" "). to include a string in Format from within code, you must use Chr(34)

Format(8315.4, "00000.00") 		08315.40 
Format(8315.4, "#####.##") 		8315.4 
Format(8315.4, "##,##0.00") 		8,315.40 
Format(315.4,"$##0.00") 			$315.40
Format(Now, "m/d/yy") 			1/27/93 
Format(Now, "dddd, mmmm dd, yyyy") 	Wednesday, January 27, 1993 
Format(Now, "d-mmm") 			27-Jan 
Format(Now, "mmmm-yy") 			January-93 
Format(Now, "hh:mm AM/PM")		07:18 AM 
Format(Now, "h:mm:ss a/p") 		7:18:00 a 
Format(Now, "d-mmmm h:mm") 		3-January 7:18

Sweden		 Format(Now, "ddddd ttttt") 	1992-12-31 18.22.38 
United Kingdom 	Format(Now, "ddddd ttttt") 		31/12/92 18:22:38 
Canada (French) 	Format(Now, "ddddd ttttt") 		92-12-31 18:22:38 
United States 	Format(Now, "ddddd ttttt") 		12/31/92 6:22:38 PM




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Disable Ctrl-Alt-Del
Visual Basic
system

2005-02-16 08:53:11
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Private Declare Function SystemParametersInfo Lib "user32" Alias "SystemParametersInfoA" (ByVal uAction _ 
As Long, ByVal uParam As Long, ByVal lpvParam As Any, ByVal fuWinIni As Long) As Long 

Sub DisableCtrlAltDelete(bDisabled As Boolean) 
   Dim X As Long X = SystemParametersInfo(97, bDisabled, CStr(1), 0) 
End Sub 

 
'To disable Ctrl-Alt-Delete: 
Call DisableCtrlAltDelete(True) 

'To enable Ctrl-Alt-Delete: 
Call DisableCtrlAltDelete(False) 
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Edit registry key
Visual Basic
system
Top100
2005-02-16 09:55:04
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'VB GetSetting/SaveSetting is to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\VB and VBA\Program Settings
'so to edit Registry keys in general, use the API

Private Declare Function RegCloseKey Lib "advapi32.dll" (ByVal hKey As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function RegCreateKeyEx Lib "advapi32.dll" Alias "RegCreateKeyExA" (ByVal hKey As Long, _
   ByVal lpSubKey As String, ByVal Reserved As Long,  ByVal lpClass As String, ByVal dwOptions As Long, _
   ByVal samDesired As Long, ByVal lpSecurityAttributes As Long, phkResult As Long, lpdwDisposition As Long) As Long

Const HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT = &H80000000
Const HKEY_CURRENT_USER = &H80000001
Const HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE = &H80000002
Const HKEY_USERS = &H80000003
Const ERROR_NONE = 0
Const ERROR_BADDB = 1
Const ERROR_BADKEY = 2
Const ERROR_CANTOPEN = 3
Const ERROR_CANTREAD = 4
Const ERROR_CANTWRITE = 5
Const ERROR_OUTOFMEMORY = 6
Const ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER = 7
Const ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED = 8
Const ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETERS = 87
Const ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS = 259
Const KEY_ALL_ACCESS = &H3F
Const REG_OPTION_NON_VOLATILE = 0


'KeyName: Name of key to create
'ParentKey: Top level key under which the new key will be created. Examples:
'HKEY_CURRENT_USER
'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/Software/MyApp/Settings
'returns True if executes without error, false otherwise

Public Function CreateKey(KeyName As String, ParentKey As Long) As Boolean
Dim iNewKeyHnd As Long   
Dim iAns As Long         
iAns = RegCreateKeyEx(ParentKey, KeyName, 0&, vbNullString, REG_OPTION_NON_VOLATILE, KEY_ALL_ACCESS, 0&, iNewKeyHnd, iAns)
RegCloseKey iNewKeyHnd
CreateKey = (lAns = 0)
End Function

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Get computer name
Visual Basic
system
Top100
2005-02-06 21:23:00
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Private Declare Function GetComputerName Lib "kernel32.dll <API_KERNEL32.html>" Alias "GetComputerNameA" (ByVal lpBuffer As String, nSize As Long) As Long

'------------------------------
'it is also in the registry at 
HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\ComputerName\ComputerName

'---------------------------
Use the GetComputerName API function.
Private Sub Form_Load()
Dim computer_name As String
Dim length As Long

    computer_name = Space$(256)
    length = Len(computer_name)
    GetComputerName computer_name, length
    computer_name = Left$(computer_name, length)

    lblComputerName.Caption = "[" & computer_name & "]"
End Sub
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Get handle of window from caption title
Visual Basic
system

2005-01-25 10:04:41
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Public Declare Function FindWindow Lib "user32.dll <API_USER32.html>" Alias "FindWindowA" (ByVal lpClassName As String, ByVal lpWindowName As String) As Long 

'Retrive the window's handle of the specified window's title
Public Function WindowHandle(sTitle As String) As Long
    WindowHandle = FindWindow(vbNullString, sTitle)
End Function 

Private Sub Command1_Click()
    MsgBox WindowHandle("WindowTitle") 'Specify the exact caption of the window
End Sub

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Get name of special folders
Visual Basic
system
Top100
2005-02-11 08:41:15
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Private Declare Function SHGetFolderPath Lib "shfolder" Alias "SHGetFolderPathA" (ByVal hwndOwner As Long, _
ByVal nFolder As Long, ByVal hToken As Long, ByVal dwFlags As Long, ByVal pszPath As String) As Long

Private Const CSIDL_FLAG_MASK = &HFF00 'mask For all possible flag values
Private Const SHGFP_Type_CURRENT = &H0 'current value For user, verify it exists
Private Const SHGFP_Type_DEFAULT = &H1
Private Const S_OK = 0
Private Const S_False = 1
Private Const E_INVALIDARG = &H80070057 ' Invalid CSIDL Value
 
Private Const CSIDL_ADMINTOOLS As Long = &H30 '{user}\Start Menu _ '\Programs\Administrative Tools
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_ADMINTOOLS As Long = &H2F '(all users)\Start Menu\Programs\Administrative Tools
Private Const CSIDL_APPDATA As Long = &H1A '{user}\Application Data
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA As Long = &H23 '(all users)\Application Data
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_DOCUMENTS As Long = &H2E '(all users)\Documents
Private Const CSIDL_COOKIES As Long = &H21
Private Const CSIDL_HISTORY As Long = &H22
Private Const CSIDL_INTERNET_CACHE As Long = &H20 'Internet Cache folder
Private Const CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA As Long = &H1C '{user}\Local Settings\Application Data (non roaming)
Private Const CSIDL_MYPICTURES As Long = &H27 'C:\Program Files\My Pictures
Private Const CSIDL_PERSONAL As Long = &H5 'My Documents
Private Const CSIDL_PROGRAM_FILES As Long = &H26 'Program Files folder
Private Const CSIDL_PROGRAM_FILES_COMMON As Long = &H2B 'Program Files\Common
Private Const CSIDL_SYSTEM As Long = &H25 'system folder
Private Const CSIDL_WINDOWS As Long = &H24 'Windows directory Or SYSROOT()
Private Const CSIDL_FLAG_CREATE = &H8000& 'combine With CSIDL_ value To force
Private Const MAX_PATH = 260

 Other Special Folder CSIDLs Not supported by this API.

Private Const CSIDL_ALTSTARTUP As Long = &H1D 'non localized startup
Private Const CSIDL_BITBUCKET As Long = &HA '{desktop}\Recycle Bin
Private Const CSIDL_CONTROLS As Long = &H3 'My Computer\Control Panel
Private Const CSIDL_DESKTOP As Long = &H0 '{namespace root}
Private Const CSIDL_DESKTOPDIRECTORY As Long = &H10 '{user}\Desktop
Private Const CSIDL_FAVORITES As Long = &H6 '{user}\Favourites
Private Const CSIDL_FONTS As Long = &H14 'windows\fonts
Private Const CSIDL_INTERNET As Long = &H1 'Internet virtual folder
Private Const CSIDL_DRIVES As Long = &H11 'My Computer
Private Const CSIDL_NETHOOD As Long = &H13 '{user}\nethood
Private Const CSIDL_NETWORK As Long = &H12 'Network Neighbourhood
Private Const CSIDL_PRINTERS As Long = &H4 'My Computer\Printers
Private Const CSIDL_PRINTHOOD As Long = &H1B '{user}\PrintHood
Private Const CSIDL_PROGRAM_FILESX86 As Long = &H2A 'Program Files folder For x86 apps (Alpha)
Private Const CSIDL_PROGRAMS As Long = &H2 'Start Menu\Programs
Private Const CSIDL_PROGRAM_FILES_COMMONX86 As Long = &H2C 'x86 \Program Files\Common On RISC
Private Const CSIDL_RECENT As Long = &H8 '{user}\Recent
Private Const CSIDL_SENDTO As Long = &H9 '{user}\SendTo
Private Const CSIDL_STARTMENU As Long = &HB '{user}\Start Menu
Private Const CSIDL_STARTUP As Long = &H7 'Start Menu\Programs\Startup
Private Const CSIDL_SYSTEMX86 As Long = &H29 'system folder For x86 apps (Alpha)
Private Const CSIDL_TEMPLATES As Long = &H15
Private Const CSIDL_PROFILE As Long = &H28 'user's profile folder
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_ALTSTARTUP As Long = &H1E 'non localized common startup
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_DESKTOPDIRECTORY As Long = &H19 '(all users)\Desktop
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_FAVORITES As Long = &H1F '(all users)\Favourites
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_PROGRAMS As Long = &H17 '(all users)\Programs
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_STARTMENU As Long = &H16 '(all users)\Start Menu
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_STARTUP As Long = &H18 '(all users)\Startup
Private Const CSIDL_COMMON_TEMPLATES As Long = &H2D '(all users)\Templates

Dim lngReturn As Long
Print GetSpecialFolderPath(CSIDL_PROGRAM_FILES)
 
Function GetSpecialFolderPath(CSIDL As Long) As String
Dim strPath As String
Dim iReturn As Long
strPath = String(MAX_PATH, 0)
iReturn = SHGetFolderPath(0, CSIDL, 0, SHGFP_Type_CURRENT, strPath)
Select Case iReturn
    Case S_OK
        GetSpecialFolderPath = Left$(strPath, InStr(1, strPath, Chr(0)) - 1)
    Case S_False
        GetSpecialFolderPath = "Folder Does Not Exist"
    Case Else
        GetSpecialFolderPath = "Folder Not Valid On this OS"
End Select
End Function
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Get user name
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Top100
2005-02-02 23:30:23
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Private Declare Function GetUserName Lib "advapi32.dll <API_ADVAPI32.html>" Alias "GetUserNameA" (ByVal lpBuffer As String, nSize As Long) As Long

Public Function UserName() As String
Dim cn As String, ls As Long, res As Long
cn = String(1024, 0)
ls = 1024
res = GetUserName(cn, ls)
If res <> 0 Then
    UserName = Mid(cn, 1, InStr(cn, Chr(0)) - 1)
Else
    UserName = ""
End If
End Function

'------------------------------------
'it is also in the registry at
HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\CurrentUser
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Get Windows and System directories
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Top100
2005-02-11 21:13:34
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Private Declare Function GetWindowsDirectory Lib "kernel32" Alias "GetWindowsDirectoryA" ( _
       ByVal lpBuffer As String, ByVal nSize As Long)   As Long

Private Declare Function GetSystemDirectory Lib "kernel32" Alias "GetSystemDirectoryA" ( _
        ByVal lpBuffer As String, ByVal nSize As Long)  As Long


Dim iReturn as long
Dim Buffer as string * 256
iReturn  = GetSystemDirectory(Buffer, Len(Buffer)) ' Buffer will hold return value
iReturn  = GetWindowsDirectory(Buffer, Len(Buffer)) ' Buffer will hold return value

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Get Windows version
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2005-02-11 21:18:36
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Public Declare Function GetVersionExA Lib "kernel32" (lpVersionInformation As OSVERSIONINFO) As Integer

Public Type OSVERSIONINFO
   dwOSVersionInfoSize As Long
   dwMajorVersion As Long
   dwMinorVersion As Long
   dwBuildNumber As Long
   dwPlatformId As Long
   szCSDVersion As String * 128
End Type


MsgBox GetVersion()

Public Function getVersion() As String
   Dim osinfo As OSVERSIONINFO
   Dim retvalue As Integer

   osinfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = 148
   osinfo.szCSDVersion = Space$(128)
   retvalue = GetVersionExA(osinfo)

   With osinfo
   Select Case .dwPlatformId

    Case 1

        Select Case .dwMinorVersion
            Case 0
                getVersion = "Windows 95"
            Case 10
                getVersion = "Windows 98"
            Case 90
                getVersion = "Windows Millennium"
        End Select

    Case 2
        Select Case .dwMajorVersion
            Case 3
                getVersion = "Windows NT 3.51"
            Case 4
                getVersion = "Windows NT 4.0"
            Case 5
                If .dwMinorVersion = 0 Then
                    getVersion = "Windows 2000"
                Else
                    getVersion = "Windows XP"
                End If
        End Select

    Case Else
       getVersion = "Failed"
End Select

   End With
End Function


'----------------------------------------
'also info is in the registry at
HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion
Version
VersionNumber
SubVersionNumber


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Hide the Window's taskbar
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2005-02-16 15:42:28
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Private Declare Function ShowWindow Lib "user32" _
    (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal nCmdShow As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function FindWindow Lib "user32" _
    Alias "FindWindowA" (ByVal lpClassName As String, _
    ByVal lpWindowName As String) As Long
Private Declare Function FindWindowEx Lib "user32" _
    Alias "FindWindowExA" (ByVal hWnd1 As Long, _
    ByVal hWnd2 As Long, _
    ByVal lpsz1 As String, _
    ByVal lpsz2 As String) As Long

Sub TaskBar(Display As Boolean)
    Dim iHandle As Long
    Dim iStartButton As Long

    iHandle = FindWindow("Shell_TrayWnd", "")
    
    If Display Then
        ShowWindow iHandle, 5
    Else
        ShowWindow iHandle, 0
    End If
End Sub
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Hide/show taskbar or desktop
Visual Basic
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2005-02-18 11:43:52
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Private Declare Function ShowWindow Lib "user32.dll <API_USER32.html>" (ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal nCmdShow As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function FindWindow Lib "user32.dll <API_USER32.html>" Alias "FindWindowA" (ByVal lpClassName As String, ByVal lpWindowName As String) As Long
Private Declare Function EnableWindow Lib "user32.dll <API_USER32.html>" (ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal fEnable As Long) As Long

Public Const SW_HIDE = 0
Public Const SW_SHOW = 5


Public Sub TaskBar(Visible As Boolean)
Dim hWnd As Long
hWnd = FindWindow("Shell_TrayWnd", "")
If Visible Then
    ShowWindow hWnd, SW_SHOW
Else
    ShowWindow hWnd, SW_HIDE
End If
EnableWindow hWnd, Visible
End Sub

Public Sub Desktop(Visible As Boolean)
Dim hWnd As Long
hWnd = FindWindow("Progman", "Program Manager")
If Visible Then
    ShowWindow hWnd, SW_SHOW
Else
    ShowWindow hWnd, SW_HIDE
End If
EnableWindow hWnd, Visible
End Sub


'-------------------------------
'alternate
Private Declare Function SetWindowPos Lib "user32" (ByVal hwnd As Long, ByVal hWndInsertAfter As Long, ByVal x As Long, ByVal y As Long, ByVal cx As Long, ByVal cy As Long, ByVal wFlags As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function FindWindow Lib "user32" Alias "FindWindowA" (ByVal lpClassName As String, ByVal lpWindowName As String) As Long
Const SWP_HIDEWINDOW = &H80
Const SWP_SHOWWINDOW = &H40


'Hide The TaskBar
Dim hwnd1 As Long
hwnd1 = FindWindow("Shell_traywnd", "")
Call SetWindowPos(hwnd1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, SWP_HIDEWINDOW)

'Show The TaskBar
Call SetWindowPos(hwnd1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, SWP_SHOWWINDOW)


'=============================
'another
Just call the ViewTaskBar subroutine and pass it true to show the taskbar or false to hide it.

Option Explicit

Private Const SWP_HIDEWINDOW = &H80
Private Const SWP_SHOWWINDOW = &H40

Private Declare Function FindWindow Lib _
                "user32" Alias "FindWindowA" _
                (ByVal lpClassName As String, _
                ByVal lpWindowName As String) As Long

Private Declare Function SetWindowPos Lib "user32" _
                (ByVal hwnd As Long, _
                ByVal hWndInsertAfter As Long, _
                ByVal x As Long, ByVal y As Long, _
                ByVal cx As Long, ByVal cy As Long, _
                ByVal wFlags As Long) As Long

Public Sub ViewTaskBar(lbValue As Boolean)
    Dim llResult As Long
    
    llResult = FindWindow("Shell_traywnd", "")
    
    If llResult Then
        If lbValue Then
            llResult = SetWindowPos(llResult, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, SWP_SHOWWINDOW)
        Else
            llResult = SetWindowPos(llResult, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, SWP_HIDEWINDOW)
        End If
    End If
End Sub

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Open/close CD door
Visual Basic
system

2005-01-26 16:07:34
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'Declare
Declare Function mciSendString Lib "winmm.dll <API_WINMM.html>" Alias _
    "mciSendStringA" (ByVal lpstrCommand As String, ByVal _
    lpstrReturnString As String, ByVal uReturnLength As Long, _
    ByVal hwndCallback As Long) As Long


'to open the CD
Dim res As Long, returnstring As String * 127
res = mciSendString("set CDAudio door open", returnstring, 127, 0)

'to close the CD
Dim res As Long, returnstring As String * 127
res = mciSendString("set CDAudio door closed", returnstring, 127, 0)

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Reboot, restart or logoff system
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Top100
2005-02-11 21:29:07
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Declare Function ExitWindowsEx Lib "user32" (ByVal uFlags As Long, ByVal dwReserved As Long) As Boolean 
Public Const EWX_FORCE = 4 
Public Const EWX_LOGOFF = 0 
Public Const EWX_REBOOT = 2 
Public Const EWX_SHUTDOWN = 1 

'logoff
Dim iResult As Boolean
If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel + vbCritical, "Log off") = vbOK Then
    iResult = ExitWindowsEx(EWX_LOGOFF, 0)
    Unload Me
End If

'reboot
Dim iResult As Boolean
If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel + vbCritical, "Reboot") = vbOK Then
    iResult = ExitWindowsEx(EWX_REBOOT, 0)
    Unload Me
End If

'shutdown
Dim iResult As Boolean
If MsgBox("Are you sure?", vbOKCancel + vbCritical, "Shut down") = vbOK Then
    iResult = ExitWindowsEx(EWX_SHUTDOWN, 0)
    Unload Me
End If

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Reboot, restart or logoff system (XP only)
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Top100
2005-02-11 21:48:47
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'log off
Shell "shutdown -l -t 00"
Unload Me

'reboot
Shell "shutdown -r -t 00"
Unload Me

'shutdown
Shell "shutdown -d -t 00"
Unload Me


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Serial number of drive
Visual Basic
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2005-02-09 13:00:20
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'Declare
Public Declare Function GetVolumeSerialNumber Lib "kernel32" Alias "GetVolumeInformationA" (ByVal lpRootPathName As String, ByVal lpVolumeNameBuffer As Long, ByVal nVolumeNameSize As Long, lpVolumeSerialNumber As Long, ByVal lpMaximumComponentLength As Long, ByVal lpFileSystemFlags As Long, ByVal lpFileSystemNameBuffer As Long, ByVal nFileSystemNameSize As Long) As Long



'example
MsgBox SerialNumber("C")

Public Function SerialNumber(DriveLetter) As Long
    Dim Serial As Long
    Call GetVolumeSerialNumber(UCase(DriveLetter) & ":\", 0&, 0&, Serial, 0&, 0&, 0&, 0&)
    SerialNumber = Serial
End Function

 

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Set environmental variables
Visual Basic
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2005-02-18 11:44:09
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Private Declare Function SetEnvironmentVariable Lib "kernel32.dll" Alias _
    "SetEnvironmentVariableA" (ByVal lpName As String, ByVal lpValue As String) _
    As Long

'code:
Private Sub Form_Load()
    Dim rvl As Long
    rvl = SetEnvironmentVariable("TEMP", "C:\windows\temp")
    rvl = SetEnvironmentVariable("PATH", "C:\windows;C:\windows\command")
    End
End Sub
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- Tutorial 01 - Overview
XML
_tutorials

2005-02-17 22:17:55
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