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Standards One of the reasons PCs rule the computer industry is that the specifications for the PC components/boards were available for use by companies. PC owners could buy their products from a variety of competing vendors, with the competition resulting in lower PC costs. Meanwhile, the MAC product (regardless of its claims to greater user acceptance) was controlled tightly - keeping costs high and resulting in loss of market share. The following list of organizations are responsible for most of the standards which support the MCM industry - covering materials, components, and product performance.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from more than 140 countries, one from each country. ISO is a non-governmental organization established in 1947. The mission of ISO is to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world with a view to facilitating the international exchange of goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity. ISO's work results in international agreements which are published as International Standards.
ANSI is a private, non-profit organization that administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. The Institute's mission is to enhance both the global competitiveness of U.S. business and the U.S. quality of life by promoting and facilitating voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment systems, and safeguarding their integrity.
The JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (once known as the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council), is the semiconductor engineering standardization body of the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), a trade association that represents all areas of the electronics industry. JEDEC was originally created in 1960 as a joint activity between EIA an NEMA, to cover the standardization of discrete semiconductor devices and later expanded in 1970 to include integrated circuits. JEDEC does its work through its 48 committees/ subcommittees that are overseen by the JEDEC Board of Directors. Presently there are about 300 member companies in JEDEC including both manufacturers and users of semiconductor components and others allied to the field.
Founded in 1901, NIST is a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration. NIST's mission is to develop and promote measurements, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. NIST carries out its mission in four cooperative programs, including the NIST Laboratories, which conduct research that advances the nation's technology infrastructure and is needed by U.S. industry to continually improve products and services. NIST is responsible for the Baldrige National Quality Program, which promotes performance excellence among U.S. manufacturers, service companies, educational institutions, and health care providers; conducts outreach programs and manages the annual Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award which recognizes performance excellence and quality achievement.
Founded in 1898, ASTM International is a not-for-profit organization that provides a global forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems, and services. Over 30,000 individuals from 100 nations are the members of ASTM International, who are producers, users, consumers, and representatives of government and academia. In over 130 varied industry areas, ASTM standards serve as the basis for manufacturing, procurement, and regulatory activities. Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International provides standards that are accepted and used in research and development, product testing, quality systems, and commercial transactions around the globe.
Because of the relatively high cost of custom MCMs, the military is also encouraging manufacturers to consider using commercial technologies - called COTS (commercial off-the-shelf). Use of COTS technologies or components is typically approved on a program by program basis and typically includes specific qualification testing to verify that the COTS hardware will meet the program-specific requirements.
MIL-H-38510
MIL-Std-883B
MIL-S-xxx
MIL-Q-xxx
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