Beginners	Built-In Functions	Advanced	CGI Applications
Introduction Syntax Operators Variables Scope Data Types Flow Control Subroutines RegEx	Arithmetic Strings Arrays Hashes Date/Time Printing	Files Directories Databases Reports RegEx Exceptions System Calls Modules One Liners Reference	Unix Forms CGI Cookies

Arithmetic Functions Summary
As languages go, Perl provides relatively few arithmetic functions. Example usage of each function is provided below, but as you can see the functions are very simple to use. The arithmetic functions can be categorized roughly into four areas:

Trigonometry	atan2, cos, sin
Logarithms	exp, log, sqrt
Conversions	abs, hex, int, oct
Random	rand, srand

Arithmetic Function Reference
Here's a quick reference of the available arithmetic functions, in alphabetical order. The functions are very simple to use.

Unless otherwise noted, these functions operate on $_ by default.

• abs - absolute value

      $result = abs $var
      

• atan2 - arctangent of Y/X in range -pi to +pi

      $result = atan2 $y,$x
      

• cos - cosine

      $result = cos (expression)      # radians
      

• exp - exponentiation

      $result = exp (expression)      # e to the power of expression
      

• hex - convert to hex

      $result = hex (expression)      # integers only
      

• int - integer portion of a number

      $result = int (expression)      # truncates toward zero
      

• log - natural logarithm

      $result = log (expression)      # base e logarithm
      

• oct - convert to octal number

      $result = oct (expression)
      

• rand - return random number

      $result = rand (expression)  # returns value >=0 and < expression
                                   # expression should be positive
                                   # default is to operate on "1"
                                   # auto-calls srand
                                   # int(rand(10)) - integer 0-9
      

• sin - sine

      $result = sin (expression)      # radians
      

• sqrt - square root

      $result = sqrt (expression)     # positive expression required
      

• srand - seeds the random number generator

      $result = srand (expression)    # call only one time per script