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Perl Information Center Tutorials - Reference These tutorials were written to help you get a quick, but thorough, understanding of Perl - the scope of the language as well as it's specific capabilities.
Reference
Operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ += and & && < lt '' =~ ->
- -= or | || > gt "" !~ =>
* *= xor ^ <= le `` # <<
/ /= not ! >= ge q/ / .. >>
% %= == eq qq/ / . <>
** **= != ne qr/ / .= \
++ &= <=> cmp qx/ / x ?:
-- |= qw/ / x=
= ^=
<<=
>>=
&&=
\\=
Arrays/Lists Hashes Strings
---------------- ---------- ---------------------------
grep reverse delete chomp ord substr
join shift each chop pack tr///
map sort exists chr q// y///
pop splice keys crypt qq// uc
push unpack values index reverse ucfirst
qw// unshift lc rindex
lcfirst sprintf
length
Error Handling Database System Objects
-------------- -------- ----------------- ---------
die dbmClose defined sleep bless
dump dbmOpen exec system ref
eval tie exit reset tied
warn untie reset undef
scalar wait
Subroutines Scope Time Math Regular Expressions
----------- --------- ---------- --------------- -------------------
caller import gmtime abs log m//
prototype local localtime atan2 oct s///
return my time cos rand pos
sub no times exp srand qr//
wantarray our hex sin quotemeta
package int sqrt split
require study
use
Files
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Open Read Write Properties Links Misc
--------------------------------------------------------------------
binmode getc print chmod link fcntl
close read printf chown lstat ioctl
eof readline format fileno readlink syscall
open seek formline flock symlink sysread
select tell truncate rename sysseek
unlink write stat syswrite
umask sysopen
utime vec
-X
Flow Constructs Directories
--------------------------------------- ---------------------
do {..statements..} if (expression) chdir readdir
do {..statements..} unless (expression) chroot rewinddir
do {..statements..} while (expression) closedir rmdir
do {..statements..} unitil (expression) glob seekdir
mkdir telldir
if (expression) {..statements..} opendir
unless (expression) {..statements..}
while (expression) {..statements..}
unitil (expression) {..statements..}
{..statements..} if (expression)
{..statements..} unless (expression)
{..statements..} while (expression)
{..statements..} until (expression)
(expression) ? (..true statements..) : (..false statements..)
map {...} (list)
grep {...} (list)
goto LABEL
foreach $var (list) {...} # list members put in $var
foreach (list) {..statements..} # list members put in $_
for ( initvalue; test; increment) {...}
if (expression) {...}
elsif (expression) {...}
elsif (expression) {...}
else {...}
Flow control - redo, continue, next, last:
while (EXPR) {
# redo always comes here
do_something;
} continue {
# next always comes here
do_something_else;
# then back the top to re-check EXPR
}
### last always comes here
Escape Characters
Pre-Defined Variables
Environment Variables
File Test Operators
Syntax:
-X FILEHANDLE
Example:
open (INFILE, "myfile.txt");
$size = -s INFILE; # $size is byte size of file
Test Operators:
-r File is readable by effective uid/gid.
-w File is writable by effective uid/gid.
-x File is executable by effective uid/gid.
-o File is owned by effective uid.
-R File is readable by real uid/gid.
-W File is writable by real uid/gid.
-X File is executable by real uid/gid.
-O File is owned by real uid.
-e File exists.
-z File has zero size (is empty).
-s File has nonzero size (returns size in bytes).
-f File is a plain file.
-d File is a directory.
-l File is a symbolic link.
-p File is a named pipe (FIFO), or Filehandle is a pipe.
-S File is a socket.
-b File is a block special file.
-c File is a character special file.
-t Filehandle is opened to a tty.
-u File has setuid bit set.
-g File has setgid bit set.
-k File has sticky bit set.
-T File is an ASCII text file (heuristic guess).
-B File is a "binary" file (opposite of -T).
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